| anterior/posterior pattern specification |
The regionalization process in which specific areas of cell differentiation are determined along the anterior-posterior axis. The anterior-posterior axis is defined by a line that runs from the head or mouth of an organism to the tail or opposite end of the organism. |
| apoptotic process |
A programmed cell death process which begins when a cell receives an internal (e.g. DNA damage) or external signal (e.g. an extracellular death ligand), and proceeds through a series of biochemical events (signaling pathway phase) which trigger an execution phase. The execution phase is the last step of an apoptotic process, and is typically characterized by rounding-up of the cell, retraction of pseudopodes, reduction of cellular volume (pyknosis), chromatin condensation, nuclear fragmentation (karyorrhexis), plasma membrane blebbing and fragmentation of the cell into apoptotic bodies. When the execution phase is completed, the cell has died. |
| BMP signaling pathway |
The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a member of the BMP (bone morphogenetic protein) family to a receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. |
| branching involved in blood vessel morphogenesis |
The process of coordinated growth and sprouting of blood vessels giving rise to the organized vascular system. |
| canonical Wnt signaling pathway |
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes. In this pathway, the activated receptor signals via downstream effectors that result in the inhibition of beta-catenin phosphorylation, thereby preventing degradation of beta-catenin. Stabilized beta-catenin can then accumulate and travel to the nucleus to trigger changes in transcription of target genes. |
| cardiac left ventricle morphogenesis |
The process in which the left cardiac ventricle is generated and organized. |
| cardiac muscle cell apoptotic process |
A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle a cardiac muscle cell and result in its death. Cardiac muscle cells are striated muscle cells that are responsible for heart contraction. |
| cartilage development |
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cartilage element over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cartilage elements are skeletal elements that consist of connective tissue dominated by extracellular matrix containing collagen type II and large amounts of proteoglycan, particularly chondroitin sulfate. |
| cellular response to extracellular stimulus |
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an extracellular stimulus. |
| cellular response to X-ray |
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of X-ray radiation. An X-ray is a form of electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength in the range of 10 nanometers to 100 picometers (corresponding to frequencies in the range 30 PHz to 3 EHz). |
| chondrocyte development |
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a chondrocyte over time, from its commitment to its mature state. Chondrocyte development does not include the steps involved in committing a chondroblast to a chondrocyte fate. |
| collagen fibril organization |
Any process that determines the size and arrangement of collagen fibrils within an extracellular matrix. |
| convergent extension involved in axis elongation |
The morphogenetic process in which an epithelium narrows along one axis and lengthens in a perpendicular axis contributing to the lengthening of the axis of an organism. |
| development of primary male sexual characteristics |
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the primary male sexual characteristics over time, from their formation to the mature structures. The primary male sexual characteristics are the testes, and they develop in response to sex hormone secretion. |
| digestive tract morphogenesis |
The process in which the anatomical structures of the digestive tract are generated and organized. The digestive tract is the anatomical structure through which food passes and is processed. |
| embryonic digit morphogenesis |
The process, occurring in the embryo, by which the anatomical structures of the digit are generated and organized. A digit is one of the terminal divisions of an appendage, such as a finger or toe. |
| hematopoietic stem cell proliferation |
The expansion of a hematopoietic stem cell population by cell division. A hematopoietic stem cell is a stem cell from which all cells of the lymphoid and myeloid lineages develop. |
| male gonad development |
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the male gonad over time, from its formation to the mature structure. |
| mesodermal cell fate specification |
The cell fate determination process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a mesoderm cell in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway; upon specification, the cell fate can be reversed. |
| negative regulation of BMP signaling pathway |
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the BMP signaling pathway. |
| negative regulation of canonical Wnt signaling pathway |
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the Wnt signaling pathway through beta-catenin, the series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes. |
| negative regulation of cardiac muscle cell apoptotic process |
Any process that decreases the rate or extent of cardiac cell apoptotic process, a form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases whose actions dismantle a cardiac muscle cell and result in its death. |
| negative regulation of cell growth |
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, extent or direction of cell growth. |
| negative regulation of cell migration |
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration. |
| negative regulation of cell population proliferation |
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation. |
| negative regulation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic process |
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in the apoptotic process. |
| negative regulation of dermatome development |
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the progression of the dermatome over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The dermatome is the portion of a somite that will form skin. |
| negative regulation of DNA-templated transcription |
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription. |
| negative regulation of epithelial cell proliferation |
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of epithelial cell proliferation. |
| negative regulation of epithelial to mesenchymal transition |
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of epithelial to mesenchymal transition. Epithelial to mesenchymal transition where an epithelial cell loses apical/basolateral polarity, severs intercellular adhesive junctions, degrades basement membrane components and becomes a migratory mesenchymal cell. |
| negative regulation of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway via death domain receptors |
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway via death domain receptors. |
| negative regulation of gene expression |
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product (protein or RNA). |
| negative regulation of JUN kinase activity |
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of JUN kinase activity. |
| negative regulation of mesodermal cell fate specification |
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mesoderm cell fate specification. |
| negative regulation of peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylation |
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the phosphorylation of peptidyl-tyrosine. |
| negative regulation of planar cell polarity pathway involved in axis elongation |
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of planar cell polarity pathway involved in axis elongation. |
| negative regulation of Wnt signaling pathway |
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the Wnt signaling pathway. |
| neural tube closure |
The last step in the formation of the neural tube, where the paired neural folds are brought together and fuse at the dorsal midline. |
| neural tube development |
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the neural tube over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mature structure of the neural tube exists when the tube has been segmented into the forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain and spinal cord regions. In addition neural crest has budded away from the epithelium. |
| outflow tract morphogenesis |
The process in which the anatomical structures of the outflow tract are generated and organized. The outflow tract is the portion of the heart through which blood flows into the arteries. |
| planar cell polarity pathway involved in axis elongation |
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a receptor on the surface of the target cell where activated receptors signal to modulate cytoskeletal elements and control cell polarity that contributes to axis elongation. |
| planar cell polarity pathway involved in neural tube closure |
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a receptor on the surface of the target cell where activated receptors signal via downstream effectors that modulates the establishment of planar polarity contributing to neural tube closure. |
| positive regulation of angiogenesis |
Any process that activates or increases angiogenesis. |
| positive regulation of apoptotic process |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process. |
| positive regulation of canonical Wnt signaling pathway |
Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the Wnt signaling pathway through beta-catenin, the series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes. |
| positive regulation of cell growth |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, extent or direction of cell growth. |
| positive regulation of cell population proliferation |
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation. |
| positive regulation of endopeptidase activity |
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of endopeptidase activity, the endohydrolysis of peptide bonds within proteins. |
| positive regulation of fat cell differentiation |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of adipocyte differentiation. |
| positive regulation of osteoblast differentiation |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of osteoblast differentiation. |
| positive regulation of peptidyl-serine phosphorylation |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the phosphorylation of peptidyl-serine. |
| positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter. |
| post-anal tail morphogenesis |
The process in which a post-anal tail is generated and organized. A post-anal tail is a muscular region of the body that extends posterior to the anus. The post-anal tail may aid locomotion and balance. |
| regulation of apoptotic process |
Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptotic process. |
| regulation of cell population proliferation |
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation. |
| regulation of establishment of planar polarity |
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the establishment of planar polarity, the coordinated organization of groups of cells in a tissue, such that they all orient to similar coordinates. |
| regulation of midbrain dopaminergic neuron differentiation |
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of midbrain dopaminergic neuron differentiation. |
| regulation of neuron projection development |
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of neuron projection development. Neuron projection development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron projection over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A neuron projection is any process extending from a neural cell, such as axons or dendrites (collectively called neurites). |
| regulation of stem cell division |
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of stem cell division. |
| regulation of Wnt signaling pathway |
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of the Wnt signal transduction pathway. |
| response to nutrient |
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a nutrient stimulus. |
| response to xenobiotic stimulus |
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a xenobiotic, a compound foreign to the organim exposed to it. It may be synthesized by another organism (like ampicilin) or it can be a synthetic chemical. |
| sclerotome development |
The progression of the sclerotome over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The sclerotome is the portion of the somite that will give rise to a vertebra. |
| somitogenesis |
The formation of mesodermal clusters that are arranged segmentally along the anterior posterior axis of an embryo. |
| stem cell fate specification |
The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a stem cell in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway. Upon specification, the cell fate can be reversed. |
| Wnt signaling pathway involved in somitogenesis |
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell and ending with a change in cell state that contributes to somitogenesis. |
