| acute-phase response |
An acute inflammatory response that involves non-antibody proteins whose concentrations in the plasma increase in response to infection or injury of homeothermic animals. |
| astrocyte differentiation |
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of an astrocyte. An astrocyte is the most abundant type of glial cell. Astrocytes provide support for neurons and regulate the environment in which they function. |
| cell population proliferation |
The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. |
| cellular response to cytokine stimulus |
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cytokine stimulus. |
| cellular response to hormone stimulus |
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hormone stimulus. |
| cellular response to interleukin-17 |
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interleukin-17 stimulus. |
| cellular response to leptin stimulus |
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a leptin stimulus. Leptin is a hormone manufactured primarily in the adipocytes of white adipose tissue, and the level of circulating leptin is directly proportional to the total amount of fat in the body. It plays a key role in regulating energy intake and energy expenditure, including appetite and metabolism. |
| cellular response to organic cyclic compound |
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an organic cyclic compound stimulus. |
| cytokine-mediated signaling pathway |
The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a cytokine to a receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. |
| defense response |
Reactions, triggered in response to the presence of a foreign body or the occurrence of an injury, which result in restriction of damage to the organism attacked or prevention/recovery from the infection caused by the attack. |
| eating behavior |
The specific behavior of an organism relating to the intake of food, any substance (usually solid) that can be metabolized by an organism to give energy and build tissue. |
| energy homeostasis |
Any process involved in the balance between food intake (energy input) and energy expenditure. |
| glucose homeostasis |
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of glucose within an organism or cell. |
| growth hormone receptor signaling pathway |
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of growth hormone receptor binding to its physiological ligand. |
| growth hormone receptor signaling pathway via JAK-STAT |
The process in which STAT proteins (Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription) are activated by members of the JAK (janus activated kinase) family of tyrosine kinases, following the binding of physiological ligands to the growth hormone receptor. Once activated, STATs dimerize and translocate to the nucleus and modulate the expression of target genes. |
| inflammatory response |
The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages. |
| interleukin-6-mediated signaling pathway |
The series of molecular signals initiated by interleukin-6 binding to a receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. |
| intracellular receptor signaling pathway |
The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to a receptor located within a cell. |
| leptin-mediated signaling pathway |
The series of molecular signals initiated by leptin binding to its receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. Leptin is a hormone manufactured primarily in the adipocytes of white adipose tissue, and the level of circulating leptin is directly proportional to the total amount of fat in the body. |
| modulation of chemical synaptic transmission |
Any process that modulates the frequency or amplitude of synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse. Amplitude, in this case, refers to the change in postsynaptic membrane potential due to a single instance of synaptic transmission. |
| mRNA transcription by RNA polymerase II |
The cellular synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA) from a DNA template by RNA polymerase II, originating at an RNA polymerase II promoter. |
| negative regulation of autophagy |
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of autophagy. Autophagy is the process in which cells digest parts of their own cytoplasm. |
| negative regulation of cell death |
Any process that decreases the rate or frequency of cell death. Cell death is the specific activation or halting of processes within a cell so that its vital functions markedly cease, rather than simply deteriorating gradually over time, which culminates in cell death. |
| negative regulation of cell population proliferation |
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation. |
| negative regulation of gene expression |
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product (protein or RNA). |
| negative regulation of glycolytic process |
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of glycolysis. |
| negative regulation of hydrogen peroxide biosynthetic process |
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of hydrogen peroxide biosynthesis. The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), a potentially harmful byproduct of aerobic cellular respiration which can cause damage to DNA. |
| negative regulation of neuron death |
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neuron death. |
| negative regulation of neuron migration |
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neuron migration. |
| negative regulation of primary miRNA processing |
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of primary microRNA processing. |
| negative regulation of stem cell differentiation |
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of stem cell differentiation. |
| phosphorylation |
The process of introducing a phosphate group into a molecule, usually with the formation of a phosphoric ester, a phosphoric anhydride or a phosphoric amide. |
| positive regulation of angiogenesis |
Any process that activates or increases angiogenesis. |
| positive regulation of ATP biosynthetic process |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ATP biosynthetic process. |
| positive regulation of cell migration |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration. |
| positive regulation of cell population proliferation |
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation. |
| positive regulation of cytokine production involved in inflammatory response |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cytokine production involved in inflammatory response. |
| positive regulation of DNA-templated transcription |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription. |
| positive regulation of erythrocyte differentiation |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of erythrocyte differentiation. |
| positive regulation of gene expression |
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product (protein or RNA). |
| positive regulation of growth factor dependent skeletal muscle satellite cell proliferation |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of satellite cell proliferation; dependent on specific growth factor activity such as fibroblast growth factors and transforming growth factor beta. |
| positive regulation of interleukin-1 beta production |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-1 beta production. |
| positive regulation of interleukin-10 production |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-10 production. |
| positive regulation of interleukin-6 production |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-6 production. |
| positive regulation of interleukin-8 production |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-8 production. |
| positive regulation of metalloendopeptidase activity |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of metalloendopeptidase activity. |
| positive regulation of miRNA transcription |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of microRNA (miRNA) gene transcription. |
| positive regulation of miRNA-mediated gene silencing |
A process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of gene silencing by a microRNA (miRNA). |
| positive regulation of NF-kappaB transcription factor activity |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of activity of the transcription factor NF-kappaB. |
| positive regulation of Notch signaling pathway |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the Notch signaling pathway. |
| positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter. |
| positive regulation of tumor necrosis factor production |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of tumor necrosis factor production. |
| positive regulation of vascular endothelial cell proliferation |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vascular endothelial cell proliferation. |
| postsynapse to nucleus signaling pathway |
The series of molecular signals that conveys information from the postsynapse to the nucleus via cytoskeletal transport of a protein from a postsynapse to the component to the nucleus where it affects biochemical processes that occur in the nucleus (e.g DNA transcription, mRNA splicing, or DNA/histone modifications). |
| protein import into nucleus |
The directed movement of a protein from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. |
| radial glial cell differentiation |
The process in which neuroepithelial cells of the neural tube give rise to radial glial cells, specialized bipotential progenitors cells of the brain. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate. |
| receptor signaling pathway via JAK-STAT |
Any process in which STAT proteins (Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription) and JAK (Janus Activated Kinase) proteins convey a signal to trigger a change in the activity or state of a cell. The receptor signaling pathway via JAK-STAT begins with activation of a receptor and proceeeds through STAT protein activation by members of the JAK family of tyrosine kinases. STAT proteins dimerize and subsequently translocate to the nucleus. The pathway ends with regulation of target gene expression by STAT proteins. |
| regulation of cell cycle |
Any process that modulates the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle. |
| regulation of cell population proliferation |
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation. |
| regulation of DNA-templated transcription |
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription. |
| regulation of feeding behavior |
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the behavior associated with the intake of food. |
| regulation of mitochondrial membrane permeability |
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the passage or uptake of molecules by the mitochondrial membrane. |
| regulation of multicellular organism growth |
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of growth of the body of an organism so that it reaches its usual body size. |
| regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II |
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription mediated by RNA polymerase II. |
| response to cytokine |
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cytokine stimulus. |
| response to estradiol |
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of stimulus by estradiol, a C18 steroid hormone hydroxylated at C3 and C17 that acts as a potent estrogen. |
| response to leptin |
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a leptin stimulus. Leptin is a hormone manufactured primarily in the adipocytes of white adipose tissue, and the level of circulating leptin is directly proportional to the total amount of fat in the body. It plays a key role in regulating energy intake and energy expenditure, including appetite and metabolism]. |
| response to peptide hormone |
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a peptide hormone stimulus. A peptide hormone is any of a class of peptides that are secreted into the blood stream and have endocrine functions in living animals. |
| retinal rod cell differentiation |
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a retinal rod cell. |
| sexual reproduction |
A type of reproduction that combines the genetic material of two gametes (such as a sperm or egg cell or fungal spores). The gametes have an haploid genome (with a single set of chromosomes, the product of a meiotic division) and combines with one another to produce a zygote (diploid). |
| somatic stem cell population maintenance |
Any process by which an organism retains a population of somatic stem cells, undifferentiated cells in the embryo or adult which can undergo unlimited division and give rise to cell types of the body other than those of the germ-line. |
| T-helper 17 cell lineage commitment |
The process in which a CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell becomes committed to becoming a T-helper 17 cell, a CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell with the phenotype RORgamma-t-positive that produces IL-17. |
| T-helper 17 type immune response |
An immune response which is associated with resistance to intracellular bacteria with a key role in inflammation and tissue injury. This immune response is associated with pathological autoimmune conditions such as multiple sclerosis, arthritis and psoriasis which is typically orchestrated by the production of particular cytokines by T-helper 17 cells, most notably interleukin-17, IL-21 and IL-22. |
| temperature homeostasis |
A homeostatic process in which an organism modulates its internal body temperature. |
| transcription by RNA polymerase II |
The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase II (RNAP II), originating at an RNA polymerase II promoter. Includes transcription of messenger RNA (mRNA) and certain small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). |
| transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathway |
The series of molecular signals initiated by an extracellular ligand binding to a transforming growth factor beta receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. |