| antigen processing and presentation |
The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses antigen (peptide or lipid) on its cell surface in association with an MHC protein complex. |
| axon guidance |
The chemotaxis process that directs the migration of an axon growth cone to a specific target site in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues. |
| basement membrane organization |
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the basement membrane. |
| blood vessel remodeling |
The reorganization or renovation of existing blood vessels. |
| BMP signaling pathway |
The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a member of the BMP (bone morphogenetic protein) family to a receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. |
| bone growth |
The increase in size or mass of a bone that contributes to the shaping of that bone. |
| bone morphogenesis |
The process in which bones are generated and organized. |
| bone resorption |
The process in which specialized cells known as osteoclasts degrade the organic and inorganic portions of bone, and endocytose and transport the degradation products. |
| brain development |
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the brain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Brain development begins with patterning events in the neural tube and ends with the mature structure that is the center of thought and emotion. The brain is responsible for the coordination and control of bodily activities and the interpretation of information from the senses (sight, hearing, smell, etc.). |
| canonical Wnt signaling pathway |
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes. In this pathway, the activated receptor signals via downstream effectors that result in the inhibition of beta-catenin phosphorylation, thereby preventing degradation of beta-catenin. Stabilized beta-catenin can then accumulate and travel to the nucleus to trigger changes in transcription of target genes. |
| cartilage development involved in endochondral bone morphogenesis |
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cartilage that will provide a scaffold for mineralization of endochondral bones. |
| cell adhesion |
The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules. |
| cell adhesion mediated by integrin |
The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via an integrin, a heterodimeric adhesion receptor formed by the non-covalent association of particular alpha and beta subunits. |
| cell fate commitment |
The commitment of cells to specific cell fates and their capacity to differentiate into particular kinds of cells. Positional information is established through protein signals that emanate from a localized source within a cell (the initial one-cell zygote) or within a developmental field. |
| cell morphogenesis |
The developmental process in which the size or shape of a cell is generated and organized. |
| cell population proliferation |
The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. |
| cell surface receptor signaling pathway |
The series of molecular signals initiated by activation of a receptor on the surface of a cell. The pathway begins with binding of an extracellular ligand to a cell surface receptor, or for receptors that signal in the absence of a ligand, by ligand-withdrawal or the activity of a constitutively active receptor. The pathway ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. |
| cellular component organization |
A process that results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a cellular component. |
| cellular polysaccharide biosynthetic process |
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of polysaccharides, polymers of many (typically more than 10) monosaccharide residues linked glycosidically, occurring at the level of an individual cell. |
| cellular response to BMP stimulus |
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) stimulus. |
| cellular response to fibroblast growth factor stimulus |
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an fibroblast growth factor stimulus. |
| cellular response to virus |
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a virus. |
| chondrocyte differentiation |
The process in which a chondroblast acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a chondrocyte. A chondrocyte is a polymorphic cell that forms cartilage. |
| chondrocyte hypertrophy |
The growth of a chondrocyte, where growth contributes to the progression of the chondrocyte over time. |
| chondrocyte proliferation |
The multiplication or reproduction of chondrocytes by cell division, resulting in the expansion of their population. A chondrocyte is a polymorphic cell that forms cartilage. |
| chondroitin sulfate metabolic process |
The chemical reactions and pathways involving chondroitin sulfate, any member of a group of 10-60 kDa glycosaminoglycans, widely distributed in cartilage and other mammalian connective tissues, the repeat units of which consist of beta-(1,4)-linked D-glucuronyl beta-(1,3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine sulfate. They usually occur linked to a protein to form proteoglycans. Two subgroups exist, one in which the sulfate is on the 4-position (chondroitin sulfate A) and the second in which it is in the 6-position (chondroitin sulfate C). They often are polydisperse and often differ in the degree of sulfation from tissue to tissue. The chains of repeating disaccharide are covalently linked to the side chains of serine residues in the polypeptide backbone of a protein by a glycosidic attachment through the trisaccharide unit galactosyl-galactosyl-xylosyl. Chondroitin sulfate B is more usually known as dermatan sulfate. |
| collagen fibril organization |
Any process that determines the size and arrangement of collagen fibrils within an extracellular matrix. |
| cranial skeletal system development |
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cranial skeletal system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The cranial skeletal system is the skeletal subdivision of the head, and includes the skull (cranium plus mandible), pharyngeal and/or hyoid apparatus. |
| dendrite self-avoidance |
The process in which dendrites recognize and avoid contact with sister dendrites from the same cell. |
| dendritic cell migration |
The movement of a dendritic cell within or between different tissues and organs of the body. |
| developmental growth involved in morphogenesis |
The increase in size or mass of an anatomical structure that contributes to the structure attaining its shape. |
| embryonic morphogenesis |
The process in which anatomical structures are generated and organized during the embryonic phase. The embryonic phase begins with zygote formation. The end of the embryonic phase is organism-specific. For example, it would be at birth for mammals, larval hatching for insects and seed dormancy in plants. |
| embryonic skeletal joint development |
The process, occurring during the embryonic phase, whose specific outcome is the progression of the skeletal joints over time, from formation to mature structure. |
| endochondral bone growth |
The increase in size or mass of an endochondral bone that contributes to the shaping of the bone. |
| endochondral bone morphogenesis |
The process in which bones are generated and organized as a result of the conversion of initial cartilaginous anlage into bone. |
| endochondral ossification |
Replacement ossification wherein bone tissue replaces cartilage. |
| endoderm development |
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the endoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The endoderm is the innermost germ layer that develops into the gastrointestinal tract, the lungs and associated tissues. |
| epithelial tube branching involved in lung morphogenesis |
The process in which a highly ordered sequence of patterning events generates the branched epithelial tubes of the lung, consisting of reiterated combinations of bud outgrowth, elongation, and dichotomous subdivision of terminal units. |
| epithelium development |
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an epithelium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. An epithelium is a tissue that covers the internal or external surfaces of an anatomical structure. |
| fear response |
The response of an organism to a perceived external threat. |
| fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway |
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a fibroblast growth factor receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands. |
| fluid transport |
The directed movement of substances that are in liquid form in normal living conditions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. |
| gastrulation |
A complex and coordinated series of cellular movements that occurs at the end of cleavage during embryonic development of most animals. The details of gastrulation vary from species to species, but usually result in the formation of the three primary germ layers, ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm. |
| gene expression |
The process in which a gene's sequence is converted into a mature gene product (protein or RNA). This includes the production of an RNA transcript and its processing, translation and maturation for protein-coding genes. |
| glandular epithelial cell differentiation |
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a glandular epithelial cell. A glandular epithelial cell is a columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell found in a two dimensional sheet with a free surface exposed to the lumen of a gland. |
| glomerular basement membrane development |
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the glomerular basement membrane over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The glomerular basement membrane is the basal laminal portion of the glomerulus which performs the actual filtration. |
| glycosaminoglycan biosynthetic process |
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycosaminoglycans, any of a group of polysaccharides that contain amino sugars. |
| hair cycle process |
A multicellular organismal process involved in the cyclical phases of growth (anagen), regression (catagen), quiescence (telogen), and shedding (exogen) in the life of a hair; one of the collection or mass of filaments growing from the skin of an animal, and forming a covering for a part of the head or for any part or the whole of the body. |
| hair follicle morphogenesis |
The process in which the anatomical structures of the hair follicle are generated and organized. |
| heart contraction |
The multicellular organismal process in which the heart decreases in volume in a characteristic way to propel blood through the body. |
| heart field specification |
The process that results in the delineation of a specific region of the lateral mesoderm into the area in which the heart will develop. |
| hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation |
The process in which precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a hematopoietic progenitor cell, a class of cell types including myeloid progenitor cells and lymphoid progenitor cells. |
| hematopoietic stem cell differentiation |
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a hematopoietic stem cell. A stem cell is a cell that retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized cells. |
| hematopoietic stem cell homeostasis |
Any biological process involved in the maintenance of the steady-state number of hematopoietic stem cells within a population of cells. |
| hematopoietic stem cell migration to bone marrow |
The orderly movement of a hematopoietic stem cell into the bone marrow, and its subsequent positioning within defined functional compartments in that microenvironment. A hematopoietic stem cell is a cell from which all cells of the lymphoid and myeloid lineages develop, including blood cells and cells of the immune system. |
| heparan sulfate proteoglycan biosynthetic process |
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the heparan sulfate proteoglycan, a glycosaminoglycan with repeat unit consisting of alternating alpha-(1->4)-linked hexuronic acid and glucosamine residues; the former are a mixture of sulfated and nonsulfated D-glucuronic acid and L-iduronic acid; the L-iduronic acid is either sulfated or acetylated on its amino group as well as being sulfated on one of its hydroxyl groups; heparan sulfate chains are covalently linked to peptidyl-serine by a glycosidic attachment through the trisaccharide galactosyl-galactosyl-xylosyl to serine residues. |
| heparan sulfate proteoglycan biosynthetic process, polysaccharide chain biosynthetic process |
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of polysaccharide chain component of heparan sulfate proteoglycan. |
| heparin biosynthetic process |
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of heparin, any member of a group of glycosaminoglycans of average Mr (6000-20000), consisting predominantly of alternating alpha-(1->4)-linked D-galactose and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine-6-sulfate residues. |
| heparin metabolic process |
The chemical reactions and pathways involving heparin, any member of a group of glycosaminoglycans found mainly as an intracellular component of mast cells. They are similar to heparan sulfates but are of somewhat higher average Mr (6000-20000) and contain fewer N-acetyl groups and more N-sulfate and O-sulfate groups; they may be attached in the same manner to protein, forming proteoglycans. They consist predominantly of alternating alpha-(1->4)-linked D-galactose and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine-6-sulfate residues. |
| hypersensitivity |
An inflammatory response to an exogenous environmental antigen or an endogenous antigen initiated by the adaptive immune system. |
| leukocyte tethering or rolling |
Transient adhesive interactions between leukocytes and endothelial cells lining blood vessels. Carbohydrates on circulating leukocytes bind selectins on the vessel wall causing the leukocytes to slow down and roll along the inner surface of the vessel wall. During this rolling motion, transitory bonds are formed and broken between selectins and their ligands. Typically the first step in cellular extravasation (the movement of leukocytes out of the circulatory system, towards the site of tissue damage or infection). |
| limb joint morphogenesis |
The process in which the anatomical structures of a limb joint are generated and organized. A limb joint is a flexible region that separates the rigid sections of a limb to allow movement in a controlled manner. |
| lymphocyte adhesion to endothelial cell of high endothelial venule |
The attachment of a lymphocyte to an endothelial cell of a high endothelial venule (HEV) via adhesion molecules. A HEV cell is an endothelial cell that is cuboidal, expresses leukocyte-specific receptors, and allows for passage of lymphocytes into bloodstream. |
| lymphocyte migration into lymphoid organs |
The movement of a lymphocyte within the lymphatic system into lymphoid organs such as lymph nodes, spleen or Peyer's patches, and its subsequent positioning within defined functional compartments such as sites of cell activation by antigen. |
| mesenchymal cell differentiation involved in bone development |
The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the mesenchymal cells of bone as it progresses from its formation to the mature state. |
| mesenchyme development |
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a mesenchymal tissue over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A mesenchymal tissue is made up of loosely packed stellate cells. |
| mesoderm development |
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the mesoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mesoderm is the middle germ layer that develops into muscle, bone, cartilage, blood and connective tissue. |
| motor behavior |
The specific neuromuscular movement of a single organism in response to external or internal stimuli. |
| multicellular organism growth |
The increase in size or mass of an entire multicellular organism, as opposed to cell growth. |
| multicellular organismal water homeostasis |
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of water within a tissue, organ, or a multicellular organism. |
| neural crest cell differentiation |
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neural crest cell. |
| neuron projection development |
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron projection over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A neuron projection is any process extending from a neural cell, such as axons or dendrites (collectively called neurites). |
| olfactory bulb development |
The progression of the olfactory bulb over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The olfactory bulb coordinates neuronal signaling involved in the perception of smell. It receives input from the sensory neurons and outputs to the olfactory cortex. |
| optic nerve development |
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the optic nerve over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The sensory optic nerve originates from the bipolar cells of the retina and conducts visual information to the brainstem. The optic nerve exits the back of the eye in the orbit, enters the optic canal, and enters the central nervous system at the optic chiasm (crossing) where the nerve fibers become the optic tract just prior to entering the hindbrain. |
| ossification |
The formation of bone or of a bony substance, or the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone or a bony substance. |
| ossification involved in bone maturation |
The formation of bone or of a bony substance, or the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone, involved in the progression of the skeleton from its formation to its mature state. |
| perichondral bone morphogenesis |
The process in which bones are generated and organized as a result of the conversion of initial connective tissue surrounding cartilage into bone. |
| podocyte differentiation |
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a glomerular visceral epithelial cell. A glomerular visceral epithelial cell is a specialized epithelial cell that contains 'feet' that interdigitate with the 'feet' of other glomerular epithelial cells. |
| protein catabolic process |
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein by the destruction of the native, active configuration, with or without the hydrolysis of peptide bonds. |
| protein glycosylation |
A protein modification process that results in the addition of a carbohydrate or carbohydrate derivative unit to a protein amino acid, e.g. the addition of glycan chains to proteins. |
| protein-containing complex assembly |
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of macromolecules to form a protein-containing complex. |
| proteoglycan biosynthetic process |
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteoglycans, any glycoprotein in which the carbohydrate units are glycosaminoglycans. |
| regulation of blood pressure |
Any process that modulates the force with which blood travels through the circulatory system. The process is controlled by a balance of processes that increase pressure and decrease pressure. |
| response to growth factor |
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a growth factor stimulus. |
| response to heparin |
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a heparin stimulus. |
| response to leukemia inhibitory factor |
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a leukemia inhibitory factor stimulus. |
| response to light intensity |
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a light intensity stimulus. |
| response to virus |
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a virus. |
| sebaceous gland development |
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the sebaceous gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure. |
| smoothened signaling pathway |
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of activation of the transmembrane protein Smoothened. |
| smoothened signaling pathway involved in lung development |
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of activation of the transmembrane Smoothened-type protein. This process contributes to lung development. |
| social behavior |
Behavior directed towards society, or taking place between members of the same species. Occurs predominantly, or only, in individuals that are part of a group. |
| sodium ion homeostasis |
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of sodium ions within an organism or cell. |
| stem cell division |
The self-renewing division of a stem cell. A stem cell is an undifferentiated cell, in the embryo or adult, that can undergo unlimited division and give rise to one or several different cell types. |
| stomach development |
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the stomach over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The stomach is an expanded region of the vertebrate alimentary tract that serves as a food storage compartment and digestive organ. |
| sulfation |
The addition of a sulfate group to a molecule. |
| sweat gland development |
The progression of the sweat gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Sweat glands secrete an aqueous solution that is used in thermoregulation. |
| synaptic transmission, glutamatergic |
The vesicular release of glutamate from a presynapse, across a chemical synapse, the subsequent activation of glutamate receptors at the postsynapse of a target cell (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) and the effects of this activation on the postsynaptic membrane potential and ionic composition of the postsynaptic cytosol. This process encompasses both spontaneous and evoked release of neurotransmitter and all parts of synaptic vesicle exocytosis. Evoked transmission starts with the arrival of an action potential at the presynapse. |
| tight junction organization |
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a tight junction. A tight junction seals cells together in an epithelium in a way that prevents even small molecules from leaking from one side of the sheet to the other. |
| TNFSF11-mediated signaling pathway |
The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 11 (TNFSF11) to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. |
| vacuole organization |
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a vacuole. |
| vasodilation |
An increase in the internal diameter of blood vessels, especially arterioles or capillaries, due to relaxation of smooth muscle cells that line the vessels, and usually resulting in a decrease in blood pressure. |
| vocalization behavior |
The behavior in which an organism produces sounds by a mechanism involving its respiratory system. |
| wound healing |
The series of events that restore integrity to a damaged tissue, following an injury. |
