| aggrephagy |
Selective degradation of protein aggregates by macroautophagy. |
| antigen processing and presentation of endogenous antigen |
The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses antigen (peptide or lipid) of endogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC protein complex. |
| apoptotic process |
A programmed cell death process which begins when a cell receives an internal (e.g. DNA damage) or external signal (e.g. an extracellular death ligand), and proceeds through a series of biochemical events (signaling pathway phase) which trigger an execution phase. The execution phase is the last step of an apoptotic process, and is typically characterized by rounding-up of the cell, retraction of pseudopodes, reduction of cellular volume (pyknosis), chromatin condensation, nuclear fragmentation (karyorrhexis), plasma membrane blebbing and fragmentation of the cell into apoptotic bodies. When the execution phase is completed, the cell has died. |
| autophagosome assembly |
The formation of a double membrane-bounded structure, the autophagosome, that occurs when a specialized membrane sac, called the isolation membrane, starts to enclose a portion of the cytoplasm. |
| autophagy |
The cellular catabolic process in which cells digest parts of their own cytoplasm; allows for both recycling of macromolecular constituents under conditions of cellular stress and remodeling the intracellular structure for cell differentiation. |
| autophagy of mitochondrion |
The autophagic process in which mitochondria are delivered to a type of vacuole and degraded in response to changing cellular conditions. |
| autophagy of nucleus |
A form of autophagy, by which damaged or non-essential parts of the nucleus, or even an entire nucleus is degraded. |
| blood vessel remodeling |
The reorganization or renovation of existing blood vessels. |
| C-terminal protein lipidation |
The covalent attachment of a lipid group to the carboxy-terminus of a protein. |
| cardiac muscle cell apoptotic process |
A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle a cardiac muscle cell and result in its death. Cardiac muscle cells are striated muscle cells that are responsible for heart contraction. |
| cellular response to nitrogen starvation |
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of deprivation of nitrogen. |
| cellular response to nitrosative stress |
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a nitrosative stress stimulus. Nitrosative stress is a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of nitric oxide (NO) or the highly reactive oxidant peroxynitrite, which is produced following interaction of NO with superoxide anions. |
| cellular response to starvation |
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of deprivation of nourishment. |
| chaperone-mediated autophagy |
The autophagy process which begins when chaperones and co-chaperones recognize a target motif and unfold the substrate protein. The proteins are then transported to the lysosome where they are degraded. |
| establishment of localization in cell |
Any process, occuring in a cell, that localizes a substance or cellular component. This may occur via movement, tethering or selective degradation. |
| heart contraction |
The multicellular organismal process in which the heart decreases in volume in a characteristic way to propel blood through the body. |
| macroautophagy |
The major inducible pathway for the general turnover of cytoplasmic constituents in eukaryotic cells, it is also responsible for the degradation of active cytoplasmic enzymes and organelles during nutrient starvation. Macroautophagy involves the formation of double-membrane-bounded autophagosomes which enclose the cytoplasmic constituent targeted for degradation in a membrane-bounded structure. Autophagosomes then fuse with a lysosome (or vacuole) releasing single-membrane-bounded autophagic bodies that are then degraded within the lysosome (or vacuole). Some types of macroautophagy, e.g. pexophagy, mitophagy, involve selective targeting of the targets to be degraded. |
| mucus secretion |
The regulated release of mucus by the mucosa. Mucus is a viscous slimy secretion consisting of mucins and various inorganic salts dissolved in water, with suspended epithelial cells and leukocytes. The mucosa, or mucous membrane, is the membrane covered with epithelium that lines the tubular organs of the body. Mucins are carbohydrate-rich glycoproteins that have a lubricating and protective function. |
| negative regulation of apoptotic process |
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process. |
| negative regulation of cardiac muscle cell apoptotic process |
Any process that decreases the rate or extent of cardiac cell apoptotic process, a form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases whose actions dismantle a cardiac muscle cell and result in its death. |
| negative regulation of cell death |
Any process that decreases the rate or frequency of cell death. Cell death is the specific activation or halting of processes within a cell so that its vital functions markedly cease, rather than simply deteriorating gradually over time, which culminates in cell death. |
| negative regulation of defense response to virus |
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of antiviral mechanisms, thereby facilitating viral replication. |
| negative regulation of histone H4-K16 acetylation |
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of histone H4-K16 acetylation. |
| negative regulation of innate immune response |
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the innate immune response. |
| negative regulation of phagocytosis |
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of phagocytosis. |
| negative regulation of protein ubiquitination |
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the addition of ubiquitin groups to a protein. |
| negative regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolic process |
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of reactive oxygen species metabolic process. |
| negative regulation of type I interferon production |
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of type I interferon production. Type I interferons include the interferon-alpha, beta, delta, episilon, zeta, kappa, tau, and omega gene families. |
| negative stranded viral RNA replication |
A viral genome replication process where the template genome is negative stranded, single stranded RNA ((-)ssRNA). |
| negative thymic T cell selection |
The process of elimination of immature T cells in the thymus which react strongly with self-antigens. |
| otolith development |
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the otolith over time, from its formation to the mature structure. |
| positive regulation of mucus secretion |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of mucus from a cell or a tissue. |
| positive regulation of viral translation |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of viral translation. |
| post-translational protein modification |
The process of covalently altering one or more amino acids in a protein after the protein has been completely translated and released from the ribosome. |
| protein lipidation |
The covalent attachment of lipid groups to an amino acid in a protein. |
| protein lipidation involved in autophagosome assembly |
The protein lipidation process by which phosphatidylethanolamine is conjugated to a protein of the ATG8 family, leading to membrane insertion of the protein as a step in autophagosome assembly. |
| protein ubiquitination |
The process in which one or more ubiquitin groups are added to a protein. |
| regulation of autophagosome maturation |
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of autophagosome maturation. |
| regulation of cilium assembly |
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cilium assembly. |
| regulation of cytokine production involved in immune response |
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of cytokine production that contributes to an immune response. |
| regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolic process |
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of reactive oxygen species metabolic process. |
| regulation of release of sequestered calcium ion into cytosol |
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the release into the cytosolic compartment of calcium ions sequestered in the endoplasmic reticulum or mitochondria. |
| response to fluoride |
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a fluoride stimulus. |
| response to fungus |
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a fungus. |
| response to iron(II) ion |
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an iron(II) ion stimulus. |
| response to xenobiotic stimulus |
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a xenobiotic, a compound foreign to the organim exposed to it. It may be synthesized by another organism (like ampicilin) or it can be a synthetic chemical. |
| vasodilation |
An increase in the internal diameter of blood vessels, especially arterioles or capillaries, due to relaxation of smooth muscle cells that line the vessels, and usually resulting in a decrease in blood pressure. |
| ventricular cardiac muscle cell development |
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a ventricular cardiac muscle cell over time, from its formation to the mature state. Cardiac muscle cells are striated muscle cells that are responsible for heart contraction. The ventricle is the part of the heart that pumps blood out of the organ. |
