| brain development |
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the brain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Brain development begins with patterning events in the neural tube and ends with the mature structure that is the center of thought and emotion. The brain is responsible for the coordination and control of bodily activities and the interpretation of information from the senses (sight, hearing, smell, etc.). |
| cell division |
The process resulting in division and partitioning of components of a cell to form more cells; may or may not be accompanied by the physical separation of a cell into distinct, individually membrane-bounded daughter cells. |
| cell population proliferation |
The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. |
| cellular response to DNA damage stimulus |
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating damage to its DNA from environmental insults or errors during metabolism. |
| cellular response to glucose stimulus |
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a glucose stimulus. |
| cellular response to peptide hormone stimulus |
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a peptide hormone stimulus. A peptide hormone is any of a class of peptides that are secreted into the blood stream and have endocrine functions in living animals. |
| chromatin remodeling |
A dynamic process of chromatin reorganization resulting in changes to chromatin structure. These changes allow DNA metabolic processes such as transcriptional regulation, DNA recombination, DNA repair, and DNA replication. |
| decidualization |
The cellular and vascular changes occurring in the endometrium of the pregnant uterus just after the onset of blastocyst implantation. This process involves the proliferation and differentiation of the fibroblast-like endometrial stromal cells into large, polyploid decidual cells that eventually form the maternal component of the placenta. |
| embryonic skeletal system morphogenesis |
The process in which the anatomical structures of the skeleton are generated and organized during the embryonic phase. |
| fibroblast apoptotic process |
Any apoptotic process in a fibroblast, a connective tissue cell which secretes an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules. |
| fibroblast proliferation |
The multiplication or reproduction of fibroblast cells, resulting in the expansion of the fibroblast population. |
| hemopoiesis |
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the myeloid and lymphoid derived organ/tissue systems of the blood and other parts of the body over time, from formation to the mature structure. The site of hemopoiesis is variable during development, but occurs primarily in bone marrow or kidney in many adult vertebrates. |
| histone H3-K4 methylation |
The modification of histone H3 by addition of one or more methyl groups to lysine at position 4 of the histone. |
| histone methylation |
The modification of histones by addition of methyl groups. |
| leukocyte homeostasis |
The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of cells of the immune system such that the total number of cells of a particular cell type within a whole or part of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus. |
| MAPK cascade |
An intracellular protein kinase cascade containing at least a MAPK, a MAPKK and a MAP3K. The cascade can also contain an additional tiers: the upstream MAP4K. The kinases in each tier phosphorylate and activate the kinase in the downstream tier to transmit a signal within a cell. |
| maternal process involved in female pregnancy |
A reproductive process occurring in the mother that allows an embryo or fetus to develop within it. |
| mitotic cell cycle |
Progression through the phases of the mitotic cell cycle, the most common eukaryotic cell cycle, which canonically comprises four successive phases called G1, S, G2, and M and includes replication of the genome and the subsequent segregation of chromosomes into daughter cells. In some variant cell cycles nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division, or G1 and G2 phases may be absent. |
| negative regulation of cell cycle |
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle. |
| negative regulation of cell cycle G1/S phase transition |
Any signalling pathway that decreases or inhibits the activity of a cell cycle cyclin-dependent protein kinase to modulate the switch from G1 phase to S phase of the cell cycle. |
| negative regulation of cell population proliferation |
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation. |
| negative regulation of cell-substrate adhesion |
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of cell-substrate adhesion. Cell-substrate adhesion is the attachment of a cell to the underlying substrate via adhesion molecules. |
| negative regulation of cyclin-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase activity |
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cyclin-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase activity. |
| negative regulation of DNA-binding transcription factor activity |
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of a transcription factor, any factor involved in the initiation or regulation of transcription. |
| negative regulation of DNA-templated transcription |
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription. |
| negative regulation of epithelial cell proliferation |
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of epithelial cell proliferation. |
| negative regulation of fibroblast proliferation |
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of multiplication or reproduction of fibroblast cells. |
| negative regulation of JNK cascade |
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the JNK cascade. |
| negative regulation of organ growth |
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of growth of an organ of an organism. |
| negative regulation of osteoblast differentiation |
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of osteoblast differentiation. |
| negative regulation of protein phosphorylation |
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate of addition of phosphate groups to amino acids within a protein. |
| negative regulation of stem cell proliferation |
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of stem cell proliferation. |
| negative regulation of telomerase activity |
Any process that stops or reduces the activity of the enzyme telomerase, which catalyzes of the reaction: deoxynucleoside triphosphate + DNA(n) = diphosphate + DNA(n+1). |
| negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II |
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription mediated by RNA polymerase II. |
| negative regulation of type B pancreatic cell proliferation |
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of type B pancreatic cell proliferation. |
| organ growth |
The increase in size or mass of an organ. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that function together as to perform a specific function. |
| ossification |
The formation of bone or of a bony substance, or the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone or a bony substance. |
| osteoblast development |
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an osteoblast over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Osteoblast development does not include the steps involved in committing a cranial neural crest cell or an osteoprogenitor cell to an osteoblast fate. An osteoblast is a cell that gives rise to bone. |
| osteoblast fate commitment |
The commitment of mesenchymal cells to the specific cell fate of an osteoblast. An osteoblast is a bone-forming cell which secretes an extracellular matrix. Hydroxyapatite crystals are then deposited into the matrix to form bone. |
| positive regulation of apoptotic process |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process. |
| positive regulation of cell differentiation |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell differentiation. |
| positive regulation of cell division |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell division. |
| positive regulation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic process |
Any process that activates or increases the activity of a cysteine-type endopeptidase involved in the apoptotic process. |
| positive regulation of DNA-templated transcription |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription. |
| positive regulation of fibroblast apoptotic process |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of fibroblast apoptotic process. |
| positive regulation of gene expression |
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product (protein or RNA). |
| positive regulation of histone methylation |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the covalent addition of methyl groups to histones. |
| positive regulation of osteoblast differentiation |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of osteoblast differentiation. |
| positive regulation of protein binding |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein binding. |
| positive regulation of stem cell differentiation |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of stem cell differentiation. |
| positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter. |
| positive regulation of transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathway |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of TGF-beta receptor signaling pathway activity. |
| regulation of activin receptor signaling pathway |
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of any activin receptor signaling pathway. |
| regulation of G1/S transition of mitotic cell cycle |
Any signalling pathway that modulates the activity of a cell cycle cyclin-dependent protein kinase to modulate the switch from G1 phase to S phase of the mitotic cell cycle. |
| regulation of gene expression |
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product (protein or RNA). |
| regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II |
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription mediated by RNA polymerase II. |
| regulation of type B pancreatic cell proliferation |
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of type B pancreatic cell proliferation. |
| response to gamma radiation |
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a gamma radiation stimulus. Gamma radiation is a form of electromagnetic radiation (EMR) or light emission of a specific frequency produced from sub-atomic particle interaction, such as electron-positron annihilation and radioactive decay. Gamma rays are generally characterized as EMR having the highest frequency and energy, and also the shortest wavelength, within the electromagnetic radiation spectrum. |
| response to transforming growth factor beta |
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a transforming growth factor beta stimulus. |
| response to UV |
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an ultraviolet radiation (UV light) stimulus. Ultraviolet radiation is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength in the range of 10 to 380 nanometers. |
| roof of mouth development |
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of the roof of the mouth from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the structure and ends with the mature structure. The roof of the mouth is the partition that separates the nasal and oral cavities. |
| stem cell differentiation |
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a stem cell. A stem cell is a cell that retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized cells. |
| stem cell proliferation |
The multiplication or reproduction of stem cells, resulting in the expansion of a stem cell population. A stem cell is a cell that retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized cells. |
| type B pancreatic cell differentiation |
The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features of a type B pancreatic cell. A type B pancreatic cell is a cell located towards center of the islets of Langerhans that secretes insulin. |
| type B pancreatic cell proliferation |
The multiplication or reproduction of pancreatic B cells, resulting in the expansion of an pancreatic B cell population. Pancreatic B cell are cells of the pancreas that secrete insulin. |
