| activation of protein kinase activity |
Any process that initiates the activity of an inactive protein kinase. |
| activation-induced cell death of T cells |
A T cell apoptotic process that occurs towards the end of the expansion phase following the initial activation of mature T cells by antigen and is triggered by T cell receptor stimulation and signals transmitted via various surface-expressed members of the TNF receptor family such as Fas ligand, Fas, and TNF and the p55 and p75 TNF receptors. |
| ascending aorta morphogenesis |
The process in which the anatomical structures of the ascending aorta are generated and organized. The ascending aorta is the portion of the aorta in a two-pass circulatory system that lies between the heart and the arch of aorta. In a two-pass circulatory system blood passes twice through the heart to supply the body once. |
| atrial septum morphogenesis |
The developmental process in which atrial septum is generated and organized. The atrial septum separates the upper chambers (the atria) of the heart from one another. |
| atrial septum primum morphogenesis |
The process in which anatomical structure of an atrial septum primum is generated and organized. |
| atrioventricular valve morphogenesis |
The process in which the structure of the atrioventricular valve is generated and organized. |
| axon guidance |
The chemotaxis process that directs the migration of an axon growth cone to a specific target site in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues. |
| blood vessel development |
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a blood vessel over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The blood vessel is the vasculature carrying blood. |
| blood vessel remodeling |
The reorganization or renovation of existing blood vessels. |
| BMP signaling pathway |
The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a member of the BMP (bone morphogenetic protein) family to a receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. |
| cardiac epithelial to mesenchymal transition |
A transition where a cardiac epithelial cell loses apical/basolateral polarity, severs intercellular adhesive junctions, degrades basement membrane components and becomes a migratory mesenchymal cell. |
| cardiac left ventricle morphogenesis |
The process in which the left cardiac ventricle is generated and organized. |
| cardiac muscle cell proliferation |
The expansion of a cardiac muscle cell population by cell division. |
| cardiac right ventricle morphogenesis |
The process in which the right cardiac ventricle is generated and organized. |
| cardioblast differentiation |
The process in which a relatively unspecialized mesodermal cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of a cardioblast. A cardioblast is a cardiac precursor cell. It is a cell that has been committed to a cardiac fate, but will undergo more cell division rather than terminally differentiating. |
| cartilage condensation |
The condensation of mesenchymal cells that have been committed to differentiate into chondrocytes. |
| cell death |
Any biological process that results in permanent cessation of all vital functions of a cell. A cell should be considered dead when any one of the following molecular or morphological criteria is met: (1) the cell has lost the integrity of its plasma membrane; (2) the cell, including its nucleus, has undergone complete fragmentation into discrete bodies (frequently referred to as apoptotic bodies). The cell corpse (or its fragments) may be engulfed by an adjacent cell in vivo, but engulfment of whole cells should not be considered a strict criteria to define cell death as, under some circumstances, live engulfed cells can be released from phagosomes (see PMID:18045538). |
| cell migration |
The controlled self-propelled movement of a cell from one site to a destination guided by molecular cues. Cell migration is a central process in the development and maintenance of multicellular organisms. |
| cell morphogenesis |
The developmental process in which the size or shape of a cell is generated and organized. |
| cell-cell junction organization |
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a cell-cell junction. A cell-cell junction is a specialized region of connection between two cells. |
| collagen fibril organization |
Any process that determines the size and arrangement of collagen fibrils within an extracellular matrix. |
| cranial skeletal system development |
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cranial skeletal system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The cranial skeletal system is the skeletal subdivision of the head, and includes the skull (cranium plus mandible), pharyngeal and/or hyoid apparatus. |
| dopamine biosynthetic process |
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dopamine, a catecholamine neurotransmitter and a metabolic precursor of noradrenaline and adrenaline. |
| embryonic digestive tract development |
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the gut over time, from its formation to the mature structure during embryonic development. The gut is the region of the digestive tract extending from the beginning of the intestines to the anus. |
| embryonic limb morphogenesis |
The process, occurring in the embryo, by which the anatomical structures of the limb are generated and organized. A limb is an appendage of an animal used for locomotion or grasping. |
| embryonic neurocranium morphogenesis |
The process in which the anatomical structures of the neurocranium are generated and organized during the embryonic phase. The neurocranium is the portion of the vertebrate skull surrounding the brain. |
| endocardial cushion fusion |
The cell-cell adhesion process of mesenchymal cardiac cushion cells that contributes to the process of cushion shaping. |
| endocardial cushion morphogenesis |
The process in which the anatomical structure of the endocardial cushion is generated and organized. The endocardial cushion is a specialized region of mesenchymal cells that will give rise to the heart septa and valves. |
| epithelial to mesenchymal transition |
A transition where an epithelial cell loses apical/basolateral polarity, severs intercellular adhesive junctions, degrades basement membrane components and becomes a migratory mesenchymal cell. |
| extracellular matrix organization |
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an extracellular matrix. |
| extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway |
The series of molecular signals in which a signal is conveyed from the cell surface to trigger the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway starts with either a ligand binding to a cell surface receptor, or a ligand being withdrawn from a cell surface receptor (e.g. in the case of signaling by dependence receptors), and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered. |
| extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in absence of ligand |
The series of molecular signals in which a signal is conveyed from the cell surface to trigger the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway starts with withdrawal of a ligand from a cell surface receptor, and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered. |
| eye development |
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the eye over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The eye is the organ of sight. |
| face morphogenesis |
The process in which the anatomical structures of the face are generated and organized. The face is the ventral division of the head. |
| glial cell migration |
The orderly movement of a glial cell, non-neuronal cells that provide support and nutrition, maintain homeostasis, form myelin, and participate in signal transmission in the nervous system. |
| hair follicle development |
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the hair follicle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A hair follicle is a tube-like opening in the epidermis where the hair shaft develops and into which the sebaceous glands open. |
| hair follicle morphogenesis |
The process in which the anatomical structures of the hair follicle are generated and organized. |
| heart development |
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the heart over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The heart is a hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood. |
| heart morphogenesis |
The developmental process in which the heart is generated and organized. The heart is a hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood. |
| heart valve morphogenesis |
The process in which the structure of a heart valve is generated and organized. |
| hemopoiesis |
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the myeloid and lymphoid derived organ/tissue systems of the blood and other parts of the body over time, from formation to the mature structure. The site of hemopoiesis is variable during development, but occurs primarily in bone marrow or kidney in many adult vertebrates. |
| inner ear development |
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the inner ear over time, from its formation to the mature structure. |
| kidney development |
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the kidney over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The kidney is an organ that filters the blood and/or excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine. |
| male gonad development |
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the male gonad over time, from its formation to the mature structure. |
| membranous septum morphogenesis |
The process in which the membranous septum is generated and organized. The membranous septum is the upper part of ventricular septum. |
| negative regulation of alkaline phosphatase activity |
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of alkaline phosphatase activity, the catalysis of the reaction: an orthophosphoric monoester + H2O = an alcohol + phosphate, with an alkaline pH optimum. |
| negative regulation of angiogenesis |
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of angiogenesis. |
| negative regulation of apoptotic process |
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process. |
| negative regulation of cartilage development |
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of cartilage development, the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cartilage over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cartilage is a connective tissue dominated by extracellular matrix containing collagen type II and large amounts of proteoglycan, particularly chondroitin sulfate. |
| negative regulation of cell growth |
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, extent or direction of cell growth. |
| negative regulation of cell population proliferation |
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation. |
| negative regulation of epithelial cell proliferation |
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of epithelial cell proliferation. |
| negative regulation of epithelial to mesenchymal transition involved in endocardial cushion formation |
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial to mesenchymal transition involved in endocardial cushion formation. |
| negative regulation of gene expression |
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product (protein or RNA). |
| negative regulation of immune response |
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the immune response, the immunological reaction of an organism to an immunogenic stimulus. |
| negative regulation of keratinocyte differentiation |
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of keratinocyte differentiation. |
| negative regulation of macrophage cytokine production |
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of macrophage cytokine production. Macrophage cytokine production is the appearance of a chemokine due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. |
| negative regulation of Ras protein signal transduction |
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of Ras protein signal transduction. |
| negative regulation of release of sequestered calcium ion into cytosol |
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the release into the cytosolic compartment of calcium ions sequestered in the endoplasmic reticulum or mitochondria. |
| neural retina development |
The progression of the neural retina over time from its initial formation to the mature structure. The neural retina is the part of the retina that contains neurons and photoreceptor cells. |
| neural tube closure |
The last step in the formation of the neural tube, where the paired neural folds are brought together and fuse at the dorsal midline. |
| neuron development |
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. |
| neuron fate commitment |
The process in which the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into a neuron. |
| neutrophil chemotaxis |
The directed movement of a neutrophil cell, the most numerous polymorphonuclear leukocyte found in the blood, in response to an external stimulus, usually an infection or wounding. |
| outflow tract morphogenesis |
The process in which the anatomical structures of the outflow tract are generated and organized. The outflow tract is the portion of the heart through which blood flows into the arteries. |
| outflow tract septum morphogenesis |
The process in which the anatomical structures of the outflow tract septum are generated and organized. The outflow tract septum is a partition in the outflow tract. |
| pathway-restricted SMAD protein phosphorylation |
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a pathway restricted SMAD protein. A pathway restricted SMAD protein is an effector protein that acts directly downstream of the transforming growth factor family receptor. |
| pericyte cell differentiation |
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a pericyte cell. |
| pharyngeal arch artery morphogenesis |
The process in which the anatomical structures of a pharyngeal arch artery is generated and organized. The pharyngeal arch arteries are a series of six paired embryological vascular structures, the development of which give rise to several major arteries, such as the stapedial artery, the middle meningeal artery, the internal carotid artery and the pulmonary artery. |
| positive regulation of activation-induced cell death of T cells |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of activation-induced cell death of T cells. |
| positive regulation of apoptotic process |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process. |
| positive regulation of cardiac epithelial to mesenchymal transition |
Any process that starts or increases the rate, frequency or extent of cardiac epithelial to mesenchymal transition, a transition where a cardiac epithelial cell loses apical/basolateral polarity, severs intercellular adhesive junctions, degrades basement membrane components and becomes a migratory mesenchymal cell. |
| positive regulation of cardioblast differentiation |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardioblast differentiation, the process in which a relatively unspecialized mesodermal cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of a cardioblast. A cardioblast is a cardiac precursor cell. It is a cell that has been committed to a cardiac fate, but will undergo more cell division rather than terminally differentiating. |
| positive regulation of cell adhesion mediated by integrin |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of cell adhesion mediated by integrin. |
| positive regulation of cell cycle |
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle. |
| positive regulation of cell division |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell division. |
| positive regulation of cell growth |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, extent or direction of cell growth. |
| positive regulation of cell migration |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration. |
| positive regulation of cell population proliferation |
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation. |
| positive regulation of epithelial cell migration |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell migration. |
| positive regulation of epithelial to mesenchymal transition |
Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of epithelial to mesenchymal transition. Epithelial to mesenchymal transition is where an epithelial cell loses apical/basolateral polarity, severs intercellular adhesive junctions, degrades basement membrane components and becomes a migratory mesenchymal cell. |
| positive regulation of epithelial to mesenchymal transition involved in endocardial cushion formation |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial to mesenchymal transition involved in endocardial cushion formation. |
| positive regulation of extracellular matrix disassembly |
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of extracellular matrix disassembly. Extracellular matrix disassembly is a process that results in the breakdown of the extracellular matrix. |
| positive regulation of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in absence of ligand |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in absence of ligand. |
| positive regulation of gene expression |
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product (protein or RNA). |
| positive regulation of GTP binding |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of GTP binding. |
| positive regulation of heart contraction |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of heart contraction. |
| positive regulation of immune response |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the immune response, the immunological reaction of an organism to an immunogenic stimulus. |
| positive regulation of integrin biosynthetic process |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of integrins. |
| positive regulation of miRNA transcription |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of microRNA (miRNA) gene transcription. |
| positive regulation of neuron apoptotic process |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell death of neurons by apoptotic process. |
| positive regulation of Notch signaling pathway |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the Notch signaling pathway. |
| positive regulation of ossification |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ossification, the formation of bone or of a bony substance or the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone or a bony substance. |
| positive regulation of pathway-restricted SMAD protein phosphorylation |
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of pathway-restricted SMAD protein phosphorylation. Pathway-restricted SMAD proteins and common-partner SMAD proteins are involved in the transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathways. |
| positive regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase cascade. |
| positive regulation of protein localization to nucleus |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to nucleus. |
| positive regulation of protein secretion |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of a protein from a cell. |
| positive regulation of stress-activated MAPK cascade |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the stress-activated MAPK cascade. |
| positive regulation of timing of catagen |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of timing of catagen, the regression phase of the hair cycle. |
| protein phosphorylation |
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein. |
| pulmonary valve morphogenesis |
The process in which the structure of the pulmonary valve is generated and organized. |
| regulation of actin cytoskeleton organization |
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins. |
| regulation of apoptotic process |
Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptotic process. |
| regulation of apoptotic process involved in outflow tract morphogenesis |
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic process involved in outflow tract morphogenesis. |
| regulation of cell population proliferation |
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation. |
| regulation of extracellular matrix organization |
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of extracellular matrix organization. |
| regulation of timing of catagen |
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of timing of catagen, the regression phase of the hair cycle. |
| regulation of transforming growth factor beta2 production |
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of production of transforming growth factor-beta2. |
| response to estrogen |
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of stimulus by an estrogen, C18 steroid hormones that can stimulate the development of female sexual characteristics. |
| response to hypoxia |
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating lowered oxygen tension. Hypoxia, defined as a decline in O2 levels below normoxic levels of 20.8 - 20.95%, results in metabolic adaptation at both the cellular and organismal level. |
| response to progesterone |
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a progesterone stimulus. |
| response to wounding |
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating damage to the organism. |
| response to xenobiotic stimulus |
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a xenobiotic, a compound foreign to the organim exposed to it. It may be synthesized by another organism (like ampicilin) or it can be a synthetic chemical. |
| salivary gland morphogenesis |
The process in which the anatomical structures of the salivary gland are generated and organized. |
| secondary palate development |
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of the secondary palate from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the structure and ends with the mature structure. The secondary palate is the part of the palate formed from the fusion of the two palatine shelves, extensions of the maxillary prominences. |
| skeletal system development |
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skeleton over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The skeleton is the bony framework of the body in vertebrates (endoskeleton) or the hard outer envelope of insects (exoskeleton or dermoskeleton). |
| SMAD protein signal transduction |
The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the activity of a SMAD protein, and ultimately effecting a change in the functioning of the cell. |
| somatic stem cell division |
The self-renewing division of a somatic stem cell, a stem cell that can give rise to cell types of the body other than those of the germ-line. |
| substantia propria of cornea development |
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a substantia propria of cornea over time, from its formation to the mature structure. |
| transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathway |
The series of molecular signals initiated by an extracellular ligand binding to a transforming growth factor beta receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. |
| uterus development |
The reproductive developmental process whose specific outcome is the progression of the uterus over time, from its formation to the mature structure. |
| ventricular septum morphogenesis |
The developmental process in which a ventricular septum is generated and organized. A ventricular septum is an anatomical structure that separates the lower chambers (ventricles) of the heart from one another. |
| ventricular trabecula myocardium morphogenesis |
The process in which the anatomical structures of the trabecular cardiac ventricle muscle are generated and organized. |
| wound healing |
The series of events that restore integrity to a damaged tissue, following an injury. |
