| acinar cell differentiation |
The epithelial cell differentiation process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an acinar cell, a secretory cell that is grouped together with other cells of the same type to form grape-shaped clusters known as acini. |
| adherens junction assembly |
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an adherens junction. An adherens junction is a cell-cell junction composed of the epithelial cadherin-catenin complex at which the cytoplasmic face of the plasma membrane is attached to actin filaments. |
| adherens junction organization |
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an adherens junction. An adherens junction is a cell-cell junction composed of the epithelial cadherin-catenin complex at which the cytoplasmic face of the plasma membrane is attached to actin filaments. |
| animal organ development |
Development of a tissue or tissues that work together to perform a specific function or functions. Development pertains to the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a structure over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions. |
| anterior/posterior axis specification |
The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of the anterior/posterior axis. The anterior-posterior axis is defined by a line that runs from the head or mouth of an organism to the tail or opposite end of the organism. |
| apoptotic signaling pathway |
The series of molecular signals which triggers the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway starts with reception of a signal, and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered. |
| astrocyte-dopaminergic neuron signaling |
Cell-cell signaling that mediates the transfer of information from an astrocyte to a dopaminergic neuron. |
| bone resorption |
The process in which specialized cells known as osteoclasts degrade the organic and inorganic portions of bone, and endocytose and transport the degradation products. |
| branching involved in blood vessel morphogenesis |
The process of coordinated growth and sprouting of blood vessels giving rise to the organized vascular system. |
| branching involved in ureteric bud morphogenesis |
The process in which the branching structure of the ureteric bud is generated and organized. The ureteric bud is an epithelial tube that grows out from the metanephric duct. The bud elongates and branches to give rise to the ureter and kidney collecting tubules. |
| canonical Wnt signaling pathway |
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes. In this pathway, the activated receptor signals via downstream effectors that result in the inhibition of beta-catenin phosphorylation, thereby preventing degradation of beta-catenin. Stabilized beta-catenin can then accumulate and travel to the nucleus to trigger changes in transcription of target genes. |
| canonical Wnt signaling pathway involved in mesenchymal stem cell differentiation |
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes involved in mesenchymal stem cell differentiation. |
| canonical Wnt signaling pathway involved in midbrain dopaminergic neuron differentiation |
Any canonical Wnt signaling pathway that is involved in midbrain dopaminergic neuron differentiation. |
| canonical Wnt signaling pathway involved in osteoblast differentiation |
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes involved in osteoblast differentiation. |
| canonical Wnt signaling pathway involved in positive regulation of cardiac outflow tract cell proliferation |
The canonical Wnt signaling pathway that contributes to the modulation of the expansion of a population of cardiac outflow tract cells. |
| canonical Wnt signaling pathway involved in positive regulation of epithelial to mesenchymal transition |
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes involved in the positive regulation of epithelial cell to mesenchymal cell transition. |
| cardiac muscle cell proliferation |
The expansion of a cardiac muscle cell population by cell division. |
| cardiac vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation |
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a cardiac vascular smooth muscle cell. A cardiac vascular smooth muscle cell covers the heart vasculature and lacks transverse striations in its constituent fibers. |
| cell adhesion |
The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules. |
| cell differentiation |
The process in which relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate and its subsequent development to the mature state. |
| cell fate specification |
The process involved in the specification of cell identity. Once specification has taken place, a cell will be committed to differentiate down a specific pathway if left in its normal environment. |
| cell maturation |
A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a cell to attain its fully functional state. |
| cell morphogenesis involved in differentiation |
The change in form (cell shape and size) that occurs when relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. |
| cell population proliferation |
The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. |
| cell-cell adhesion |
The attachment of one cell to another cell via adhesion molecules. |
| cell-matrix adhesion |
The binding of a cell to the extracellular matrix via adhesion molecules. |
| cellular response to growth factor stimulus |
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a growth factor stimulus. |
| cellular response to indole-3-methanol |
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an indole-3-methanol stimulus. |
| cellular response to insulin-like growth factor stimulus |
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an insulin-like growth factor stimulus. |
| cellular response to mechanical stimulus |
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a mechanical stimulus. |
| central nervous system vasculogenesis |
The differentiation of endothelial cells from progenitor cells during blood vessel development, and the de novo formation of blood vessels and tubes in the central nervous system. The capillary endothelial cells in the brain are specialized to form the blood-brain barrier. |
| chemical synaptic transmission |
The vesicular release of classical neurotransmitter molecules from a presynapse, across a chemical synapse, the subsequent activation of neurotransmitter receptors at the postsynapse of a target cell (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) and the effects of this activation on the postsynaptic membrane potential and ionic composition of the postsynaptic cytosol. This process encompasses both spontaneous and evoked release of neurotransmitter and all parts of synaptic vesicle exocytosis. Evoked transmission starts with the arrival of an action potential at the presynapse. |
| chondrocyte differentiation |
The process in which a chondroblast acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a chondrocyte. A chondrocyte is a polymorphic cell that forms cartilage. |
| coronary artery morphogenesis |
The process in which the anatomical structures of coronary arteries are generated and organized. Coronary arteries are blood vessels that transport blood to the heart muscle. |
| cranial ganglion development |
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cranial ganglion over time, from its formation to the mature structure. |
| cranial skeletal system development |
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cranial skeletal system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The cranial skeletal system is the skeletal subdivision of the head, and includes the skull (cranium plus mandible), pharyngeal and/or hyoid apparatus. |
| DNA-templated transcription |
The synthesis of an RNA transcript from a DNA template. |
| dorsal root ganglion development |
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a dorsal root ganglion over time, from its formation to the mature structure. |
| dorsal/ventral axis specification |
The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of the dorsal/ventral axis. The dorsal/ventral axis is defined by a line that runs orthogonal to both the anterior/posterior and left/right axes. The dorsal end is defined by the upper or back side of an organism. The ventral end is defined by the lower or front side of an organism. |
| dorsal/ventral pattern formation |
The regionalization process in which the areas along the dorsal/ventral axis are established that will lead to differences in cell differentiation. The dorsal/ventral axis is defined by a line that runs orthogonal to both the anterior/posterior and left/right axes. The dorsal end is defined by the upper or back side of an organism. The ventral end is defined by the lower or front side of an organism. |
| ectoderm development |
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the ectoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In animal embryos, the ectoderm is the outer germ layer of the embryo, formed during gastrulation. |
| embryonic axis specification |
The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of a pattern along a line or a point in an embryo. |
| embryonic brain development |
The process occurring during the embryonic phase whose specific outcome is the progression of the brain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. |
| embryonic digit morphogenesis |
The process, occurring in the embryo, by which the anatomical structures of the digit are generated and organized. A digit is one of the terminal divisions of an appendage, such as a finger or toe. |
| embryonic foregut morphogenesis |
The process in which the anatomical structures of the foregut are generated and organized, during the embryonic phase. |
| embryonic forelimb morphogenesis |
The process, occurring in the embryo, by which the anatomical structures of the forelimb are generated and organized. The forelimbs are the front limbs of an animal, e.g. the arms of a human. |
| embryonic heart tube development |
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the embryonic heart tube over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The heart tube forms as the heart rudiment from the heart field. |
| embryonic hindlimb morphogenesis |
The process, occurring in the embryo, by which the anatomical structures of the hindlimbs are generated and organized. The hindlimbs are the posterior limbs of an animal. |
| embryonic organ development |
Development, taking place during the embryonic phase, of a tissue or tissues that work together to perform a specific function or functions. Development pertains to the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a structure over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions. |
| embryonic skeletal limb joint morphogenesis |
The process, occurring in the embryo, in which the anatomical structures of a skeletal limb joint are generated and organized. A skeletal limb joint is the connecting structure between the bones of a limb. |
| endoderm formation |
The formation of the endoderm during gastrulation. |
| endodermal cell fate commitment |
The cell differentiation process that results in commitment of a cell to become part of the endoderm. |
| endothelial tube morphogenesis |
The process in which the anatomical structures of a tube are generated and organized from an endothelium. Endothelium refers to the layer of cells lining blood vessels, lymphatics, the heart, and serous cavities, and is derived from bone marrow or mesoderm. Corneal endothelium is a special case, derived from neural crest cells. |
| epicardium-derived cardiac vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation |
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell derived from the epicardium acquires specialized features of a cardiac vascular smooth muscle cell. A cardiac vascular smooth muscle cell covers the heart vasculature and lacks transverse striations in its constituent fibers. |
| epithelial cell differentiation involved in prostate gland development |
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an epithelial cell of the prostate gland. |
| epithelial cell proliferation involved in prostate gland development |
The multiplication or reproduction of epithelial cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population that contributes to the progression of the prostate gland over time. |
| epithelial tube branching involved in lung morphogenesis |
The process in which a highly ordered sequence of patterning events generates the branched epithelial tubes of the lung, consisting of reiterated combinations of bud outgrowth, elongation, and dichotomous subdivision of terminal units. |
| fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway |
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a fibroblast growth factor receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands. |
| forebrain development |
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the forebrain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The forebrain is the anterior of the three primary divisions of the developing chordate brain or the corresponding part of the adult brain (in vertebrates, includes especially the cerebral hemispheres, the thalamus, and the hypothalamus and especially in higher vertebrates is the main control center for sensory and associative information processing, visceral functions, and voluntary motor functions). |
| fungiform papilla formation |
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a spongiform papilla from unspecified parts. The fungiform papilla is a mushroom-shaped papilla of the tongue. |
| gastrulation with mouth forming second |
A gastrulation process in which the initial invagination becomes the anus and the mouth forms second. |
| genitalia morphogenesis |
The process in which the anatomical structures of genitalia are generated and organized. The genitalia are the organs of reproduction or generation, external and internal. |
| glandular epithelial cell differentiation |
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a glandular epithelial cell. A glandular epithelial cell is a columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell found in a two dimensional sheet with a free surface exposed to the lumen of a gland. |
| glial cell fate determination |
The cell fate determination process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a glial cell regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed. |
| hair cycle process |
A multicellular organismal process involved in the cyclical phases of growth (anagen), regression (catagen), quiescence (telogen), and shedding (exogen) in the life of a hair; one of the collection or mass of filaments growing from the skin of an animal, and forming a covering for a part of the head or for any part or the whole of the body. |
| hair follicle morphogenesis |
The process in which the anatomical structures of the hair follicle are generated and organized. |
| hair follicle placode formation |
The developmental process in which a hair placode forms. An hair follicle placode is a thickening of the ectoderm that will give rise to the hair follicle bud. |
| heart development |
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the heart over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The heart is a hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood. |
| hemopoiesis |
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the myeloid and lymphoid derived organ/tissue systems of the blood and other parts of the body over time, from formation to the mature structure. The site of hemopoiesis is variable during development, but occurs primarily in bone marrow or kidney in many adult vertebrates. |
| hindbrain development |
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the hindbrain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The hindbrain is the posterior of the three primary divisions of the developing chordate brain, or the corresponding part of the adult brain (in vertebrates, includes the cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata and controls the autonomic functions and equilibrium). |
| hypothalamus development |
The progression of the hypothalamus region of the forebrain, from its initial formation to its mature state. |
| I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB signaling |
The process in which a signal is passed on to downstream components within the cell through the I-kappaB-kinase (IKK)-dependent activation of NF-kappaB. The cascade begins with activation of a trimeric IKK complex (consisting of catalytic kinase subunits IKKalpha and/or IKKbeta, and the regulatory scaffold protein NEMO) and ends with the regulation of transcription of target genes by NF-kappaB. In a resting state, NF-kappaB dimers are bound to I-kappaB proteins, sequestering NF-kappaB in the cytoplasm. Phosphorylation of I-kappaB targets I-kappaB for ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation, thus releasing the NF-kappaB dimers, which can translocate to the nucleus to bind DNA and regulate transcription. |
| in utero embryonic development |
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the embryo in the uterus over time, from formation of the zygote in the oviduct, to birth. An example of this process is found in Mus musculus. |
| kidney development |
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the kidney over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The kidney is an organ that filters the blood and/or excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine. |
| layer formation in cerebral cortex |
The detachment of cells from radial glial fibers at the appropriate time when they cease to migrate and form distinct layer in the cerebral cortex. |
| lens morphogenesis in camera-type eye |
The process in which the anatomical structures of the lens are generated and organized. The lens is a transparent structure in the eye through which light is focused onto the retina. An example of this process is found in Mus musculus. |
| limb development |
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a limb over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A limb is an appendage of an animal used for locomotion or grasping. Examples include legs, arms or some types of fin. |
| lung cell differentiation |
The process in which relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features of a mature cell found in the lung. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate. |
| lung development |
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the lung over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In all air-breathing vertebrates the lungs are developed from the ventral wall of the oesophagus as a pouch which divides into two sacs. In amphibians and many reptiles the lungs retain very nearly this primitive sac-like character, but in the higher forms the connection with the esophagus becomes elongated into the windpipe and the inner walls of the sacs become more and more divided, until, in the mammals, the air spaces become minutely divided into tubes ending in small air cells, in the walls of which the blood circulates in a fine network of capillaries. In mammals the lungs are more or less divided into lobes, and each lung occupies a separate cavity in the thorax. |
| lung epithelial cell differentiation |
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an epithelial cell that contributes to the epithelium of the lung. |
| lung induction |
The close range interaction of two or more cells or tissues that causes the cells of the foregut to change their fates and specify the development of the lung. |
| lung-associated mesenchyme development |
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a lung-associated mesenchyme from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of lung-associated mesenchyme and ends with the mature structure. Lung-associated mesenchyme is the tissue made up of loosely connected mesenchymal cells in the lung. |
| male genitalia development |
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the male genitalia over time, from its formation to the mature structure. |
| MAPK cascade |
An intracellular protein kinase cascade containing at least a MAPK, a MAPKK and a MAP3K. The cascade can also contain an additional tiers: the upstream MAP4K. The kinases in each tier phosphorylate and activate the kinase in the downstream tier to transmit a signal within a cell. |
| mesenchymal cell proliferation |
The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a mesenchymal cell population. A mesenchymal cell is a cell that normally gives rise to other cells that are organized as three-dimensional masses, rather than sheets. |
| mesenchymal cell proliferation involved in lung development |
The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a mesenchymal cell population that contributes to the progression of the lung over time. A mesenchymal cell is a cell that normally gives rise to other cells that are organized as three-dimensional masses, rather than sheets. |
| mesenchymal stem cell differentiation |
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a mesenchymal stem cell. A mesenchymal stem cell is a cell that retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized mesenchymal cells. |
| mesenchyme development |
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a mesenchymal tissue over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A mesenchymal tissue is made up of loosely packed stellate cells. |
| mesenchyme morphogenesis |
The process in which the anatomical structures of a mesenchymal tissue are generated and organized. A mesenchymal tissue is made up of loosely packed stellate cells. |
| metanephros morphogenesis |
The process in which the anatomical structures of the metanephros are generated and organized. |
| midbrain development |
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the midbrain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The midbrain is the middle division of the three primary divisions of the developing chordate brain or the corresponding part of the adult brain (in vertebrates, includes a ventral part containing the cerebral peduncles and a dorsal tectum containing the corpora quadrigemina and that surrounds the aqueduct of Sylvius connecting the third and fourth ventricles). |
| midbrain dopaminergic neuron differentiation |
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a midbrain dopaminergic neuron. |
| morphogenesis of embryonic epithelium |
The process in which the anatomical structures of embryonic epithelia are generated and organized. |
| myoblast proliferation |
The multiplication or reproduction of myoblasts, resulting in the expansion of a myoblast cell population. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers. |
| negative regulation of angiogenesis |
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of angiogenesis. |
| negative regulation of apoptotic process |
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process. |
| negative regulation of apoptotic signaling pathway |
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic signaling pathway. |
| negative regulation of canonical Wnt signaling pathway |
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the Wnt signaling pathway through beta-catenin, the series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes. |
| negative regulation of cell differentiation |
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell differentiation. |
| negative regulation of cell population proliferation |
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation. |
| negative regulation of chondrocyte differentiation |
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of chondrocyte differentiation. |
| negative regulation of DNA-templated transcription |
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription. |
| negative regulation of gene expression |
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product (protein or RNA). |
| negative regulation of mesenchymal to epithelial transition involved in metanephros morphogenesis |
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the transition where a mesenchymal cell establishes apical/basolateral polarity,forms intercellular adhesive junctions, synthesizes basement membrane components and becomes an epithelial cell that will contribute to the shaping of the metanephros. |
| negative regulation of mitotic cell cycle, embryonic |
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of progression through the embryonic mitotic cell cycle. |
| negative regulation of neurogenesis |
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neurogenesis, the generation of cells within the nervous system. |
| negative regulation of neuron death |
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neuron death. |
| negative regulation of oligodendrocyte differentiation |
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of oligodendrocyte differentiation. |
| negative regulation of osteoclast differentiation |
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of osteoclast differentiation. |
| negative regulation of oxidative stress-induced neuron death |
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of oxidative stress-induced neuron death. |
| negative regulation of protein sumoylation |
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the addition of SUMO groups to a protein. |
| negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II |
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription mediated by RNA polymerase II. |
| nephron tubule formation |
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a nephron tubule from unspecified parts. A nephron tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the nephron, the functional part of the kidney. |
| neural plate development |
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the neural plate over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The neural plate is a flat, thickened layer of ectodermal cells. The underlying dorsal mesoderm signals the ectodermal cells above it to elongate into columnar neural plate cells. The neural plate subsequently develops into the neural tube, which gives rise to the central nervous system. |
| neuroblast proliferation |
The expansion of a neuroblast population by cell division. A neuroblast is any cell that will divide and give rise to a neuron. |
| neuron differentiation |
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuron. |
| neuron fate determination |
The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a neuron regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed. |
| neuron migration |
The characteristic movement of an immature neuron from germinal zones to specific positions where they will reside as they mature. |
| neuron projection extension |
Long distance growth of a single neuron projection involved in cellular development. A neuron projection is a prolongation or process extending from a nerve cell, e.g. an axon or dendrite. |
| odontogenesis of dentin-containing tooth |
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a dentin-containing tooth over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A dentin-containing tooth is a hard, bony organ borne on the jaw or other bone of a vertebrate, and is composed mainly of dentin, a dense calcified substance, covered by a layer of enamel. |
| oligodendrocyte differentiation |
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of an oligodendrocyte. An oligodendrocyte is a type of glial cell involved in myelinating the axons of neurons in the central nervous system. |
| oocyte development |
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an oocyte over time, from initial commitment of the cell to its specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. |
| osteoblast differentiation |
The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of an osteoblast, a mesodermal or neural crest cell that gives rise to bone. |
| osteoclast differentiation |
The process in which a relatively unspecialized monocyte acquires the specialized features of an osteoclast. An osteoclast is a specialized phagocytic cell associated with the absorption and removal of the mineralized matrix of bone tissue. |
| oviduct development |
The reproductive developmental process whose specific outcome is the progression of an oviduct over time, from its formation to the mature structure. An oviduct is a tube through which an ova passes from the ovary to the uterus, or from the ovary to the outside of the organism. |
| pancreas development |
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the pancreas over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The pancreas is an endoderm derived structure that produces precursors of digestive enzymes and blood glucose regulating enzymes. |
| positive regulation of apoptotic process |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process. |
| positive regulation of branching involved in lung morphogenesis |
Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the process in which a highly ordered sequence of patterning events generates the branched structures of the lung, consisting of reiterated combinations of bud outgrowth, elongation, and dichotomous subdivision of terminal units. |
| positive regulation of cell differentiation |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell differentiation. |
| positive regulation of cell population proliferation |
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation. |
| positive regulation of core promoter binding |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of core promoter binding. |
| positive regulation of determination of dorsal identity |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of determination of dorsal identity. |
| positive regulation of DNA-binding transcription factor activity |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of activity of a transcription factor, any factor involved in the initiation or regulation of transcription. |
| positive regulation of DNA-templated transcription |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription. |
| positive regulation of endothelial cell differentiation |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell differentiation. |
| positive regulation of epithelial cell differentiation |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell differentiation. |
| positive regulation of epithelial cell proliferation involved in prostate gland development |
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of epithelial cell proliferation that contributes to the progression of the prostate gland over time. |
| positive regulation of epithelial to mesenchymal transition |
Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of epithelial to mesenchymal transition. Epithelial to mesenchymal transition is where an epithelial cell loses apical/basolateral polarity, severs intercellular adhesive junctions, degrades basement membrane components and becomes a migratory mesenchymal cell. |
| positive regulation of fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway activity. |
| positive regulation of gene expression |
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product (protein or RNA). |
| positive regulation of heparan sulfate proteoglycan biosynthetic process |
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of heparan sulfate proteoglycan biosynthesis. Heparan sulfate proteoglycan biosynthetic processes are the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the heparan sulfate proteoglycan, a glycosaminoglycan with repeat unit consisting of alternating alpha-(1->4)-linked hexuronic acid and glucosamine residues. |
| positive regulation of histone H3-K4 methylation |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the covalent addition of a methyl group to the lysine at position 4 of histone H3. |
| positive regulation of I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB signaling |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB signaling. |
| positive regulation of MAPK cascade |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the MAPK cascade. |
| positive regulation of mesenchymal cell proliferation |
The process of activating or increasing the rate or extent of mesenchymal cell proliferation. Mesenchymal cells are loosely organized embryonic cells. |
| positive regulation of molecular function |
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of a molecular function, an elemental biological activity occurring at the molecular level, such as catalysis or binding. |
| positive regulation of myoblast proliferation |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of myoblast proliferation. |
| positive regulation of neural precursor cell proliferation |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neural precursor cell proliferation. |
| positive regulation of neuroblast proliferation |
Any process that activates or increases the rate of neuroblast proliferation. |
| positive regulation of neuron apoptotic process |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell death of neurons by apoptotic process. |
| positive regulation of osteoblast differentiation |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of osteoblast differentiation. |
| positive regulation of skeletal muscle tissue development |
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of skeletal muscle tissue development. |
| positive regulation of stem cell proliferation |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of stem cell proliferation. |
| positive regulation of telomerase activity |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of telomerase activity, the catalysis of the reaction: deoxynucleoside triphosphate + DNA(n) = diphosphate + DNA(n+1). |
| positive regulation of telomere maintenance via telomerase |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the addition of telomeric repeats by telomerase. |
| positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter. |
| positive regulation of transcription elongation by RNA polymerase II |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription elongation, the extension of an RNA molecule after transcription initiation and promoter clearance by the addition of ribonucleotides, catalyzed by RNA polymerase II. |
| proteasome-mediated ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process |
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of ubiquitin, and mediated by the proteasome. |
| protein localization |
Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location. |
| protein localization to cell surface |
A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within the external part of the cell wall and/or plasma membrane. |
| protein polyubiquitination |
Addition of multiple ubiquitin groups to a protein, forming a ubiquitin chain. |
| proximal/distal pattern formation |
The regionalization process in which specific areas of cell differentiation are determined along a proximal/distal axis. The proximal/distal axis is defined by a line that runs from main body (proximal end) of an organism outward (distal end). |
| regulation of apoptotic process |
Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptotic process. |
| regulation of calcium ion import |
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the directed movement of calcium ions into a cell or organelle. |
| regulation of cell differentiation |
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell differentiation, the process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and functional features. |
| regulation of cell population proliferation |
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation. |
| regulation of centriole-centriole cohesion |
Any process that modulates the extent to which the two centrioles within a centrosome remain tightly paired; may be mediated by the assembly and disassembly of a proteinaceous linker. |
| regulation of centromeric sister chromatid cohesion |
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sister chromatid cohesion in the centromeric region of a chromosome. |
| regulation of core promoter binding |
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of core promoter binding. |
| regulation of epithelial cell differentiation |
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell differentiation. |
| regulation of gene expression |
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product (protein or RNA). |
| regulation of myelination |
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the formation of a myelin sheath around nerve axons. |
| regulation of nephron tubule epithelial cell differentiation |
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of nephron tubule epithelial cell differentiation. |
| regulation of neurogenesis |
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neurogenesis, the generation of cells in the nervous system. |
| regulation of osteoblast differentiation |
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of osteoblast differentiation. |
| regulation of osteoclast differentiation |
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of osteoclast differentiation. |
| regulation of protein localization to cell surface |
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to the cell surface. |
| regulation of secondary heart field cardioblast proliferation |
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardioblast proliferation in the second heart field. A cardioblast is a cardiac precursor cell. It is a cell that has been committed to a cardiac fate, but will undergo more cell division rather than terminally differentiating. The secondary heart field is the region of the heart that will form the majority of the mesodermal component of the right ventricle, the arterial pole (outflow tract) and the venous pole (inflow tract). |
| regulation of smooth muscle cell proliferation |
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle cell proliferation. |
| regulation of T cell proliferation |
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of T cell proliferation. |
| regulation of timing of anagen |
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of timing of anagen, the growth phase of the hair cycle. |
| regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II |
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription mediated by RNA polymerase II. |
| renal inner medulla development |
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the renal inner medulla over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The renal inner medulla is unique to mammalian kidneys and is the innermost region of the mammalian kidney. |
| renal outer medulla development |
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the renal outer medulla over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The renal outer medulla is the region of the kidney that lies between the renal cortex and the renal inner medulla. |
| renal vesicle formation |
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the renal vesicle from condensed mesenchymal cells. The renal vesicle is the primordial structure of the nephron epithelium, and is formed by the condensation of mesenchymal cells. |
| response to cytokine |
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cytokine stimulus. |
| response to estradiol |
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of stimulus by estradiol, a C18 steroid hormone hydroxylated at C3 and C17 that acts as a potent estrogen. |
| response to estrogen |
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of stimulus by an estrogen, C18 steroid hormones that can stimulate the development of female sexual characteristics. |
| response to xenobiotic stimulus |
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a xenobiotic, a compound foreign to the organim exposed to it. It may be synthesized by another organism (like ampicilin) or it can be a synthetic chemical. |
| Schwann cell proliferation |
The multiplication or reproduction of Schwann cells, resulting in the expansion of their population. Schwann cells are a type of glial cell in the peripheral nervous system. |
| skeletal system development |
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skeleton over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The skeleton is the bony framework of the body in vertebrates (endoskeleton) or the hard outer envelope of insects (exoskeleton or dermoskeleton). |
| skin development |
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skin over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The skin is the external membranous integument of an animal. In vertebrates the skin generally consists of two layers, an outer nonsensitive and nonvascular epidermis (cuticle or skarfskin) composed of cells which are constantly growing and multiplying in the deeper, and being thrown off in the superficial layers, as well as an inner vascular dermis (cutis, corium or true skin) composed mostly of connective tissue. |
| smooth muscle cell differentiation |
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a smooth muscle cell; smooth muscle lacks transverse striations in its constituent fibers and are almost always involuntary. |
| stem cell proliferation |
The multiplication or reproduction of stem cells, resulting in the expansion of a stem cell population. A stem cell is a cell that retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized cells. |
| sympathetic ganglion development |
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a sympathetic ganglion over time, from its formation to the mature structure. |
| synapse organization |
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a synapse, the junction between a neuron and a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell). |
| synaptic vesicle clustering |
The process that results in grouping synaptic vesicles in presynaptic structures. |
| synaptic vesicle transport |
The directed movement of synaptic vesicles. |
| T cell differentiation |
The process in which a precursor cell type acquires characteristics of a more mature T-cell. A T cell is a type of lymphocyte whose definin characteristic is the expression of a T cell receptor complex. |
| T cell differentiation in thymus |
The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a T cell via a differentiation pathway dependent upon transit through the thymus. |
| thymus development |
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the thymus over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The thymus is a symmetric bi-lobed organ involved primarily in the differentiation of immature to mature T cells, with unique vascular, nervous, epithelial, and lymphoid cell components. |
| tissue homeostasis |
A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state within a defined tissue of an organism, including control of cellular proliferation and death and control of metabolic function. |
| trachea formation |
The process pertaining to the initial formation of a trachea from unspecified parts. The process begins with the specific processes that contribute to the appearance of the discrete structure and ends when the trachea is recognizable. The trachea is the portion of the airway that attaches to the bronchi as it branches. |
| trachea morphogenesis |
The process in which a trachea is generated and organized. The trachea is the portion of the airway that attaches to the bronchi as it branches. |
| transcription by RNA polymerase II |
The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase II (RNAP II), originating at an RNA polymerase II promoter. Includes transcription of messenger RNA (mRNA) and certain small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). |
| vasculature development |
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the vasculature over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The vasculature is an interconnected tubular multi-tissue structure that contains fluid that is actively transported around the organism. |
| vasculogenesis |
The differentiation of endothelial cells from progenitor cells during blood vessel development, and the de novo formation of blood vessels and tubes. |
| ventricular compact myocardium morphogenesis |
The process in which the anatomical structures of the compact cardiac ventricle muscle are generated and organized. |
