| activation of GTPase activity |
Any process that initiates the activity of an inactive GTPase through the replacement of GDP by GTP. |
| activation of protein kinase B activity |
Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive enzyme protein kinase B. |
| anterior/posterior axis specification, embryo |
The specification of the anterior/posterior axis of the embryo by the products of genes expressed maternally and genes expressed in the zygote. |
| atrial septum development |
The progression of the atrial septum over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. |
| axon extension involved in axon guidance |
The long distance growth of a single cell process, that is involved in the migration of an axon growth cone, where the migration is directed to a specific target site by a combination of attractive and repulsive cues. |
| BMP signaling pathway |
The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a member of the BMP (bone morphogenetic protein) family to a receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. |
| canonical Wnt signaling pathway |
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes. In this pathway, the activated receptor signals via downstream effectors that result in the inhibition of beta-catenin phosphorylation, thereby preventing degradation of beta-catenin. Stabilized beta-catenin can then accumulate and travel to the nucleus to trigger changes in transcription of target genes. |
| cartilage development |
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cartilage element over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cartilage elements are skeletal elements that consist of connective tissue dominated by extracellular matrix containing collagen type II and large amounts of proteoglycan, particularly chondroitin sulfate. |
| cellular response to calcium ion |
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a calcium ion stimulus. |
| cellular response to interferon-gamma |
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interferon-gamma stimulus. Interferon gamma is the only member of the type II interferon found so far. |
| cellular response to lipopolysaccharide |
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lipopolysaccharide stimulus; lipopolysaccharide is a major component of the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria. |
| cellular response to transforming growth factor beta stimulus |
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a transforming growth factor beta stimulus. |
| cervix development |
The reproductive developmental process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cervix over time, from its formation to the mature structure. |
| chemoattraction of serotonergic neuron axon |
The process in which a serotonergic neuron growth cone is directed to a specific target site in response to an attractive chemical signal. |
| chemorepulsion of dopaminergic neuron axon |
The process in which a dopaminergic neuron growth cone is directed to a specific target site in response to a repulsive chemical cue. |
| cochlea morphogenesis |
The process in which the cochlea is generated and organized. |
| convergent extension involved in axis elongation |
The morphogenetic process in which an epithelium narrows along one axis and lengthens in a perpendicular axis contributing to the lengthening of the axis of an organism. |
| convergent extension involved in organogenesis |
The morphogenetic process in which an epithelium narrows along one axis and lengthens in a perpendicular axis contribution to the shaping of an organ. |
| embryonic digit morphogenesis |
The process, occurring in the embryo, by which the anatomical structures of the digit are generated and organized. A digit is one of the terminal divisions of an appendage, such as a finger or toe. |
| embryonic skeletal system development |
The process, occurring during the embryonic phase, whose specific outcome is the progression of the skeleton over time, from its formation to the mature structure. |
| epithelial cell migration |
The orderly movement of an epithelial cell from one site to another, often during the development of a multicellular organism. |
| epithelial cell proliferation involved in mammary gland duct elongation |
The multiplication or reproduction of mammary gland branch epithelial cells, resulting in the elongation of the branch. The mammary gland branch differs from the bud in that it is not the initial curved portion of the outgrowth. |
| establishment of epithelial cell apical/basal polarity |
The specification and formation of the apicobasal polarity of an epithelial cell. |
| establishment of planar polarity |
Coordinated organization of groups of cells in the plane of an epithelium, such that they all orient to similar coordinates. |
| face development |
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a face from an initial condition to its mature state. The face is the ventral division of the head. |
| fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway |
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a fibroblast growth factor receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands. |
| heart looping |
The tube morphogenesis process in which the primitive heart tube loops asymmetrically. This looping brings the primitive heart chambers into alignment preceding their future integration. Heart looping begins with dextral-looping and ends when the main regional divisions of the mature heart and primordium of the great arterial trunks become established preceeding septation. |
| hematopoietic stem cell proliferation |
The expansion of a hematopoietic stem cell population by cell division. A hematopoietic stem cell is a stem cell from which all cells of the lymphoid and myeloid lineages develop. |
| hindgut morphogenesis |
The process in which the anatomical structures of the hindgut are generated and organized. |
| hypophysis morphogenesis |
The process in which the anatomical structures of the hypophysis are generated and organized. The pituitary gland is an endocrine gland that secretes hormones that regulate many other glands. |
| JNK cascade |
An intracellular protein kinase cascade containing at least a JNK (a MAPK), a JNKK (a MAPKK) and a JUN3K (a MAP3K). The cascade can also contain an additional tier: the upstream MAP4K. The kinases in each tier phosphorylate and activate the kinases in the downstream tier to transmit a signal within a cell. |
| keratinocyte differentiation |
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a keratinocyte. |
| kidney development |
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the kidney over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The kidney is an organ that filters the blood and/or excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine. |
| lateral sprouting involved in mammary gland duct morphogenesis |
The process in which a branch forms along the side of a mammary duct. |
| lung development |
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the lung over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In all air-breathing vertebrates the lungs are developed from the ventral wall of the oesophagus as a pouch which divides into two sacs. In amphibians and many reptiles the lungs retain very nearly this primitive sac-like character, but in the higher forms the connection with the esophagus becomes elongated into the windpipe and the inner walls of the sacs become more and more divided, until, in the mammals, the air spaces become minutely divided into tubes ending in small air cells, in the walls of which the blood circulates in a fine network of capillaries. In mammals the lungs are more or less divided into lobes, and each lung occupies a separate cavity in the thorax. |
| male gonad development |
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the male gonad over time, from its formation to the mature structure. |
| mammary gland branching involved in thelarche |
The process in which the branching structure of the mammary gland duct is generated and organized during the period of sexual maturity in mammals. The mammary gland is a large compound sebaceous gland that in female mammals is modified to secrete milk. |
| meiotic nuclear division |
One of the two nuclear divisions that occur as part of the meiotic cell cycle. |
| melanocyte proliferation |
The multiplication or reproduction of melanocytes, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. A melanocyte is a pigment cell derived from the neural crest. It contains melanin-filled pigment granules, which give a brown to black appearance. |
| mesenchymal cell proliferation |
The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a mesenchymal cell population. A mesenchymal cell is a cell that normally gives rise to other cells that are organized as three-dimensional masses, rather than sheets. |
| mesenchymal-epithelial cell signaling |
Any process that mediates the transfer of information from a mesenchymal cell to an epithelial cell where it is received and interpreted. |
| mesodermal to mesenchymal transition involved in gastrulation |
The epithelial to mesenchymal transition process in which a mesodermal cell loses apical/basolateral polarity, severs intercellular adhesive junctions, degrades basement membrane components and becomes a migratory mesenchymal cell as part of the process of gastrulation. |
| midgut development |
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the midgut over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The midgut is the middle part of the alimentary canal from the stomach, or entrance of the bile duct, to, or including, the large intestine. |
| negative regulation of apoptotic process |
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process. |
| negative regulation of axon extension involved in axon guidance |
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of axon extension involved in axon guidance. |
| negative regulation of BMP signaling pathway |
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the BMP signaling pathway. |
| negative regulation of cell proliferation in midbrain |
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation in midbrain. |
| negative regulation of DNA-templated transcription |
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription. |
| negative regulation of epithelial cell proliferation |
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of epithelial cell proliferation. |
| negative regulation of fat cell differentiation |
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of adipocyte differentiation. |
| negative regulation of fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway |
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway activity. |
| negative regulation of melanin biosynthetic process |
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of melanin. |
| negative regulation of mesenchymal cell proliferation |
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal cell proliferation. A mesenchymal cell is a cell that normally gives rise to other cells that are organized as three-dimensional masses, rather than sheets. |
| negative regulation of prostatic bud formation |
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of prostatic bud formation, the morphogenetic process in which a region of the fetal urogenital sinus epithelium is specified to become the prostate, resulting in prostate bud outgrowth. |
| negative regulation of synapse assembly |
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of synapse assembly, the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a synapse. |
| non-canonical Wnt signaling pathway via JNK cascade |
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, where the signal is passed on via the JNK cascade. |
| notochord morphogenesis |
The process in which the anatomical structures of the notochord are generated and organized. The notochord is a mesoderm-derived structure located ventral of the developing nerve cord. In vertebrates, the notochord serves as a core around which other mesodermal cells form the vertebrae. In the most primitive chordates, which lack vertebrae, the notochord persists as a substitute for a vertebral column. |
| olfactory bulb interneuron development |
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an interneuron residing in the olfactory bulb, from its initial commitment, to the fully functional differentiated cell. |
| paraxial mesoderm formation |
The process that gives rise to the paraxial mesoderm. This process pertains to the initial formation of the structure from unspecified parts. |
| planar cell polarity pathway involved in axis elongation |
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a receptor on the surface of the target cell where activated receptors signal to modulate cytoskeletal elements and control cell polarity that contributes to axis elongation. |
| planar cell polarity pathway involved in axon guidance |
Any Wnt signaling pathway, planar cell polarity pathway that is involved in axon guidance. |
| planar cell polarity pathway involved in cardiac muscle tissue morphogenesis |
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a receptor on the surface of the target cell where activated receptors signal via downstream effectors including C-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) to modulate cytoskeletal elements and control cell polarity that contributes to the shaping of the cardiac muscle tissue. |
| planar cell polarity pathway involved in cardiac right atrium morphogenesis |
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a receptor on the surface of the target cell where activated receptors signal via downstream effectors including C-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) to modulate cytoskeletal elements and control cell polarity that contributes to the shaping of the cardiac right atrium. |
| planar cell polarity pathway involved in gastrula mediolateral intercalation |
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a receptor on the surface of the target cell where activated receptors signal via downstream effectors including C-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) contributing to the interdigitation of cells along the mediolateral axis during gastrulation. |
| planar cell polarity pathway involved in neural tube closure |
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a receptor on the surface of the target cell where activated receptors signal via downstream effectors that modulates the establishment of planar polarity contributing to neural tube closure. |
| planar cell polarity pathway involved in outflow tract morphogenesis |
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a receptor on the surface of the target cell where activated receptors signal via downstream effectors including C-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) to modulate cytoskeletal elements and control cell polarity that contributes to the shaping of the outflow tract. |
| planar cell polarity pathway involved in pericardium morphogenesis |
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a receptor on the surface of the target cell where activated receptors signal via downstream effectors including C-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) to modulate cytoskeletal elements and control cell polarity that contributes to the shaping of the pericardium. |
| planar cell polarity pathway involved in ventricular septum morphogenesis |
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a receptor on the surface of the target cell where activated receptors signal via downstream effectors including C-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) to modulate cytoskeletal elements and control cell polarity that contributes to the shaping of the ventricular septum. |
| positive regulation of angiogenesis |
Any process that activates or increases angiogenesis. |
| positive regulation of cartilage development |
Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of cartilage development, the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cartilage over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cartilage is a connective tissue dominated by extracellular matrix containing collagen type II and large amounts of proteoglycan, particularly chondroitin sulfate. |
| positive regulation of cell-cell adhesion mediated by cadherin |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell-cell adhesion mediated by cadherin. |
| positive regulation of chemokine production |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of chemokine production. |
| positive regulation of endocytosis |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of endocytosis. |
| positive regulation of endothelial cell migration |
Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the orderly movement of an endothelial cell into the extracellular matrix to form an endothelium. |
| positive regulation of endothelial cell proliferation |
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of endothelial cell proliferation. |
| positive regulation of fibroblast proliferation |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of multiplication or reproduction of fibroblast cells. |
| positive regulation of heart induction by negative regulation of canonical Wnt signaling pathway |
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of canonical Wnt signaling pathway that positively regulates heart induction. Canonical Wnt signaling pathway involved in heart induction is the series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes. |
| positive regulation of hematopoietic stem cell proliferation |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hematopoietic stem cell proliferation. |
| positive regulation of inflammatory response |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the inflammatory response. |
| positive regulation of interferon-gamma production |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interferon-gamma production. Interferon-gamma is also known as type II interferon. |
| positive regulation of interleukin-1 beta production |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-1 beta production. |
| positive regulation of interleukin-6 production |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-6 production. |
| positive regulation of interleukin-8 production |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-8 production. |
| positive regulation of JNK cascade |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the JNK cascade. |
| positive regulation of JUN kinase activity |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of JUN kinase activity. |
| positive regulation of macrophage activation |
Any process that stimulates, induces or increases the rate of macrophage activation. |
| positive regulation of macrophage cytokine production |
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of macrophage cytokine production. Macrophage cytokine production is the appearance of a chemokine due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. |
| positive regulation of meiotic nuclear division |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of meiosis. |
| positive regulation of mesenchymal cell proliferation |
The process of activating or increasing the rate or extent of mesenchymal cell proliferation. Mesenchymal cells are loosely organized embryonic cells. |
| positive regulation of neuron death |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neuron death. |
| positive regulation of neuron projection arborization |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the process in which the anatomical structures of a neuron projection are generated and organized into branches. |
| positive regulation of neuron projection development |
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of neuron projection development. Neuron projection development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron projection over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A neuron projection is any process extending from a neural cell, such as axons or dendrites (collectively called neurites). |
| positive regulation of NF-kappaB transcription factor activity |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of activity of the transcription factor NF-kappaB. |
| positive regulation of non-canonical Wnt signaling pathway |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of non-canonical Wnt-activated signaling pathway. |
| positive regulation of ossification |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ossification, the formation of bone or of a bony substance or the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone or a bony substance. |
| positive regulation of peptidyl-serine phosphorylation |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the phosphorylation of peptidyl-serine. |
| positive regulation of peptidyl-threonine phosphorylation |
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of peptidyl-threonine phosphorylation. Peptidyl-threonine phosphorylation is the phosphorylation of peptidyl-threonine to form peptidyl-O-phospho-L-threonine. |
| positive regulation of protein binding |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein binding. |
| positive regulation of protein catabolic process |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein by the destruction of the native, active configuration, with or without the hydrolysis of peptide bonds. |
| positive regulation of protein kinase C activity |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein kinase C activity. |
| positive regulation of protein kinase C signaling |
Any process that increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a series of reactions, mediated by the intracellular serine/threonine kinase protein kinase C, which occurs as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound. |
| positive regulation of T cell chemotaxis |
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of T cell chemotaxis. T cell chemotaxis is the directed movement of a T cell in response to an external stimulus. |
| positive regulation of thymocyte apoptotic process |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of thymocyte death by apoptotic process. |
| positive regulation of timing of anagen |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of timing of anagen, the growth phase of the hair cycle. |
| positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter. |
| positive regulation of tumor necrosis factor production |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of tumor necrosis factor production. |
| positive regulation of type I interferon-mediated signaling pathway |
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of a type I interferon-mediated signaling pathway. |
| post-anal tail morphogenesis |
The process in which a post-anal tail is generated and organized. A post-anal tail is a muscular region of the body that extends posterior to the anus. The post-anal tail may aid locomotion and balance. |
| primary heart field specification |
The process that results in the delineation of a specific region of the lateral mesoderm into the area which will form the primary beating heart tube. In mammals the primary heart field gives rise to the left ventricle. |
| primitive streak formation |
The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the primitive streak from unspecified parts. The primitive streak is a ridge of cells running along the midline of the embryo where the mesoderm ingresses. It defines the anterior-posterior axis. |
| protein localization |
Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location. |
| protein phosphorylation |
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a protein. |
| regulation of branching involved in mammary gland duct morphogenesis |
Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of branching involved in mammary gland duct morphogenesis. |
| regulation of I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB signaling |
Any process that modulates I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB signaling. |
| regulation of postsynapse organization |
Any process that modulates the physical form of a postsynapse. |
| regulation of postsynaptic cytosolic calcium ion concentration |
Any process that regulates the concentration of calcium in the postsynaptic cytosol. |
| regulation of protein localization |
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location. |
| secondary heart field specification |
The process that results in the delineation of a specific region of the lateral mesoderm into the area which will form the majority of the mesodermal component of the right ventricle, arterial pole (outflow tract) and venous pole (inflow tract). |
| secondary palate development |
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of the secondary palate from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the structure and ends with the mature structure. The secondary palate is the part of the palate formed from the fusion of the two palatine shelves, extensions of the maxillary prominences. |
| somitogenesis |
The formation of mesodermal clusters that are arranged segmentally along the anterior posterior axis of an embryo. |
| thymocyte apoptotic process |
Any apoptotic process in a thymocyte, an immature T cell located in the thymus. |
| type B pancreatic cell development |
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a type B pancreatic cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A type B pancreatic cell is a cell located towards center of the islets of Langerhans that secretes insulin. |
| urinary bladder development |
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the urinary bladder over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The urinary bladder is an elastic, muscular sac situated in the anterior part of the pelvic cavity in which urine collects before excretion. |
| uterus development |
The reproductive developmental process whose specific outcome is the progression of the uterus over time, from its formation to the mature structure. |
| vagina development |
The reproductive developmental process whose specific outcome is the progression of the vagina over time, from its formation to the mature structure. |
| Wnt signaling pathway involved in midbrain dopaminergic neuron differentiation |
Any Wnt signaling pathway that is involved in midbrain dopaminergic neuron differentiation. |
| Wnt signaling pathway, calcium modulating pathway |
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a receptor on the surface of the target cell where activated receptors leads to an increase in intracellular calcium and activation of protein kinase C (PKC). |
| wound healing |
The series of events that restore integrity to a damaged tissue, following an injury. |
