| aortic valve morphogenesis |
The process in which the structure of the aortic valve is generated and organized. |
| apoptotic process |
A programmed cell death process which begins when a cell receives an internal (e.g. DNA damage) or external signal (e.g. an extracellular death ligand), and proceeds through a series of biochemical events (signaling pathway phase) which trigger an execution phase. The execution phase is the last step of an apoptotic process, and is typically characterized by rounding-up of the cell, retraction of pseudopodes, reduction of cellular volume (pyknosis), chromatin condensation, nuclear fragmentation (karyorrhexis), plasma membrane blebbing and fragmentation of the cell into apoptotic bodies. When the execution phase is completed, the cell has died. |
| cell differentiation |
The process in which relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate and its subsequent development to the mature state. |
| cell division |
The process resulting in division and partitioning of components of a cell to form more cells; may or may not be accompanied by the physical separation of a cell into distinct, individually membrane-bounded daughter cells. |
| cell morphogenesis involved in neuron differentiation |
The process in which the structures of a neuron are generated and organized. This process occurs while the initially relatively unspecialized cell is acquiring the specialized features of a neuron. |
| cell population proliferation |
The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. |
| cellular response to insulin stimulus |
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an insulin stimulus. Insulin is a polypeptide hormone produced by the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas in mammals, and by the homologous organs of other organisms. |
| cellular response to xenobiotic stimulus |
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a xenobiotic, a compound foreign to the organism exposed to it. It may be synthesized by another organism (like ampicilin) or it can be a synthetic chemical. |
| chondrocyte differentiation |
The process in which a chondroblast acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a chondrocyte. A chondrocyte is a polymorphic cell that forms cartilage. |
| digestive tract development |
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the digestive tract over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The digestive tract is the anatomical structure through which food passes and is processed. |
| enucleate erythrocyte differentiation |
The process in which a myeloid precursor cell acquires specialized features of an erythrocyte without a nucleus. An example of this process is found in Mus musculus. |
| epithelial cell proliferation |
The multiplication or reproduction of epithelial cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. Epithelial cells make up the epithelium, the covering of internal and external surfaces of the body, including the lining of vessels and other small cavities. It consists of cells joined by small amounts of cementing substances. |
| G1/S transition of mitotic cell cycle |
The mitotic cell cycle transition by which a cell in G1 commits to S phase. The process begins with the build up of G1 cyclin-dependent kinase (G1 CDK), resulting in the activation of transcription of G1 cyclins. The process ends with the positive feedback of the G1 cyclins on the G1 CDK which commits the cell to S phase, in which DNA replication is initiated. |
| glial cell apoptotic process |
Any apoptotic process in a glial cell, a non-neuronal cell of the nervous system. |
| glial cell proliferation |
The multiplication or reproduction of glial cells by cell division, resulting in the expansion of their population. Glial cells exist throughout the nervous system, and include Schwann cells, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes among others. |
| hepatocyte apoptotic process |
Any apoptotic process in a hepatocyte, the main structural component of the liver. |
| heterochromatin assembly |
An epigenetic gene silencing mechanism in which chromatin is compacted into heterochromatin, resulting in a chromatin conformation refractory to transcription. This process starts with heterochromatin nucleation, its spreading, and ends with heterochromatin boundary formation. |
| maintenance of mitotic sister chromatid cohesion |
The process in which the association between sister chromatids of a replicated chromosome is maintained as chromosomes condense, attach to the spindle in a bipolar orientation, and congress to the metaphase plate during a mitotic cell cycle. |
| myoblast differentiation |
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a myoblast. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into striated muscle fibers. |
| negative regulation of apoptotic signaling pathway |
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic signaling pathway. |
| negative regulation of cell cycle |
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle. |
| negative regulation of cell growth |
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, extent or direction of cell growth. |
| negative regulation of cell population proliferation |
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation. |
| negative regulation of cold-induced thermogenesis |
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of cold-induced thermogenesis. |
| negative regulation of DNA-binding transcription factor activity |
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of a transcription factor, any factor involved in the initiation or regulation of transcription. |
| negative regulation of DNA-templated transcription |
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription. |
| negative regulation of epithelial cell proliferation |
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of epithelial cell proliferation. |
| negative regulation of G1/S transition of mitotic cell cycle |
Any signalling pathway that decreases or inhibits the activity of a cell cycle cyclin-dependent protein kinase to modulate the switch from G1 phase to S phase of the mitotic cell cycle. |
| negative regulation of gene expression |
Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product (protein or RNA). |
| negative regulation of glial cell proliferation |
Any process that stops or decreases the rate or extent of glial cell proliferation. |
| negative regulation of hepatocyte apoptotic process |
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of hepatocyte apoptotic process. |
| negative regulation of inflammatory response |
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the inflammatory response. |
| negative regulation of mitotic cell cycle |
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of progression through the mitotic cell cycle. |
| negative regulation of myofibroblast differentiation |
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of myofibroblast differentiation. |
| negative regulation of protein kinase activity |
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein kinase activity. |
| negative regulation of protein serine/threonine kinase activity |
Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of protein serine/threonine kinase activity. |
| negative regulation of smoothened signaling pathway |
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of smoothened signaling. |
| negative regulation of tau-protein kinase activity |
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of tau-protein kinase activity. |
| negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II |
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription mediated by RNA polymerase II. |
| negative regulation of transcription involved in G1/S transition of mitotic cell cycle |
Any process that stop, prevents or decreases transcription as part of the G1/S transition of the mitotic cell cycle. |
| neuron apoptotic process |
Any apoptotic process in a neuron, the basic cellular unit of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. |
| neuron differentiation |
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuron. |
| neuron maturation |
A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a neuron to attain its fully functional state. |
| neuron projection development |
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron projection over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A neuron projection is any process extending from a neural cell, such as axons or dendrites (collectively called neurites). |
| positive regulation of collagen fibril organization |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of collagen fibril organization. |
| positive regulation of extracellular matrix organization |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of extracellular matrix organization. |
| positive regulation of macrophage differentiation |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of macrophage differentiation. |
| positive regulation of mitotic metaphase/anaphase transition |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the cell cycle process in which a cell progresses from metaphase to anaphase during mitosis, triggered by the activation of the anaphase promoting complex by Cdc20/Sleepy homolog which results in the degradation of Securin. |
| positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter. |
| positive regulation of transcription regulatory region DNA binding |
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription regulatory region DNA binding. |
| protein localization to chromosome, centromeric region |
Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, the centromeric region of a chromosome. |
| Ras protein signal transduction |
The series of molecular signals within the cell that are mediated by a member of the Ras superfamily of proteins switching to a GTP-bound active state. |
| regulation of cell cycle |
Any process that modulates the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle. |
| regulation of cell growth |
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, extent or direction of cell growth. |
| regulation of cohesin loading |
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process in which a cohesin complex is transported to, or maintained at, a part of a chromosome that is organized into chromatin. |
| regulation of lipid kinase activity |
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lipid kinase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a simple or complex lipid. |
| regulation of mitotic cell cycle |
Any process that modulates the rate or extent of progress through the mitotic cell cycle. |
| sister chromatid biorientation |
The cell cycle process in which sister chromatids establish stable attachments to microtubules emanating from opposite spindle poles. |
| skeletal muscle cell differentiation |
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a skeletal muscle cell, a somatic cell located in skeletal muscle. |
| smoothened signaling pathway |
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of activation of the transmembrane protein Smoothened. |
| spermatogenesis |
The developmental process by which male germ line stem cells self renew or give rise to successive cell types resulting in the development of a spermatozoa. |
| striated muscle cell differentiation |
The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a striated muscle cell; striated muscle fibers are divided by transverse bands into striations, and cardiac and voluntary muscle are types of striated muscle. |
| tissue homeostasis |
A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state within a defined tissue of an organism, including control of cellular proliferation and death and control of metabolic function. |
| transcription by RNA polymerase II |
The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase II (RNAP II), originating at an RNA polymerase II promoter. Includes transcription of messenger RNA (mRNA) and certain small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). |
